Figure 1. A scheme of the UPR with its sensors, chaperones, effectors and targeting genes. The ATF6α branch is activated in early stage of ischaemia. PERK and IRE1 are activated in ischaemia/reperfusion. PERK is also activated in HF and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Green dotted arrows indicate activation, red dotted arrows indicate inhibition and dark blue dotted arrows indicate dissociation from UPR sensors and binding to the unfolded protein.
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