Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Review of Vaccines Volume 11, 2012 - Issue 6
Submit an article Journal homepage
16,412
Views
119
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Inactivated virus vaccines from chemistry to prophylaxis: merits, risks and challenges

Iris Delrue Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
,
Dieter Verzele Laboratory for Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory for Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
,
Annemieke Madder Laboratory for Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory for Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
&
Hans J Nauwynck Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium. [email protected]
Pages 695-719 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

Figures & data

Figure 1. Reaction mechanism of formaldehyde with either DNA/RNA or amino acids.

Reaction with (A) DNA or RNA (adenine) and, in a similar fashion, (B) amino acids (e.g., lysine) of proteins with a primary amine group: monohydroxy methylation and methylene bridge formation.

A: Adenine; Lys: Lysine.

Figure 1. Reaction mechanism of formaldehyde with either DNA/RNA or amino acids.Reaction with (A) DNA or RNA (adenine) and, in a similar fashion, (B) amino acids (e.g., lysine) of proteins with a primary amine group: monohydroxy methylation and methylene bridge formation.A: Adenine; Lys: Lysine.
Figure 2. Reaction mechanism of glutaraldehyde with amino acids of proteins (e.g., with the primary amine group of lysine).

Lys: Lysine.

Figure 2. Reaction mechanism of glutaraldehyde with amino acids of proteins (e.g., with the primary amine group of lysine).Lys: Lysine.
Figure 3. Reaction mechanism of 2,2’-dithiodipyridine with cysteine.

Cys: Cysteine.

Figure 3. Reaction mechanism of 2,2’-dithiodipyridine with cysteine.Cys: Cysteine.
Figure 4. Reaction mechanism of β-propiolactone with DNA or RNA (guanine).

G: Guanine.

Figure 4. Reaction mechanism of β-propiolactone with DNA or RNA (guanine).G: Guanine.
Figure 5. Reaction mechanism of binary ethylene imine with DNA or RNA (guanine).

G: Guanine.

Figure 5. Reaction mechanism of binary ethylene imine with DNA or RNA (guanine).G: Guanine.
Figure 6. RNA degradation in an alkaline environment.

B: Nucleobase.

Figure 6. RNA degradation in an alkaline environment.B: Nucleobase.
Figure 7. Ultraviolet irradiation results in pyrimidine dimer formation.

U: Uracil.

Figure 7. Ultraviolet irradiation results in pyrimidine dimer formation.U: Uracil.

Table 1. Overview of inactivation methods for the development of killed virus vaccines.

Table 2. Effect of formaldehyde on different viruses: inactivation, viral protein modification, induction of virus-specific and virus-neutralization antibodies and protection on challenge (reduction of viremia and fewer clinical signs).

Table 3. Effect of glutaraldehyde on different viruses: inactivation, viral protein modification, induction of virus-specific and virus-neutralization antibodies and protection on challenge (reduction of viremia and fewer clinical signs).

Table 4. Effect of 2,2’-dithiodipyridine on different viruses: inactivation, viral protein modification, induction of virus-specific and virus-neutralization antibodies and protection on challenge (reduction of viremia and fewer clinical signs).

Table 5. Effect of β-propiolactone on different viruses: inactivation, viral protein modification, induction of virus-specific and virus-neutralization antibodies and protection on challenge (reduction of viremia and fewer clinical signs).

Table 6. Effect of binary ethylene imine on different viruses: inactivation, viral protein modification, induction of virus-specific and virus-neutralization antibodies and protection on challenge (reduction of viremia and fewer clinical signs).

Table 7. Effect of denaturing agents on different viruses: inactivation, viral protein modification, induction of virus-specific and virus-neutralization antibodies and protection on challenge (reduction of viremia and fewer clinical signs).

Table 8. Effect of irradiation on different viruses: inactivation, viral protein modification, induction of virus-specific and virus-neutralization antibodies and protection on challenge (reduction of viremia and fewer clinical signs).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

 

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.