Relationship Between Metacognitive Awareness of Undergraduate Students and Students’ Academic Performance at Vietnam Military Medical University

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Participants

Variables (n = 202)	Values [n (%)]
Age of students (years)
19	31 (15.3%)
20	29 (14.4%)
21	59 (29.2%)
22	31 (15.3%)
23	28 (13.9%)
24	22 (10.9%)
25	2 (1.0%)
Gender
Female	55 (27.2%)
Male	147 (72.8%)
Type of students
Non-military	50 (24.8%)
Military	152 (75.2%)
Academic year
The first	39 (19.3%)
The second	30 (14.9%)
Third	60 (29.7%)
Forth	28 (13.9%)
Fifth	24 (11.9%)
Sixth	21 (10.4%)
Area
Suburban	154 (76.2%)
Urban	48 (23.8%)
Region of Viet Nam
North	153 (75.7%)
South	49 (24.3%)

Table 2 Characteristics of Favorite, Habits, and Academic Performance

Variables (n = 202)	Values [n (%)]
Habit in sports
Non	102 (50.5%)
Yes	100 (49.5%)
Number of books read in last three months (excluding medical books), mean (SD)	2.9 (3.6)
Habit in the reading book in the last three months (excluding medical books)
Yes	51 (25.2%)
Non	148 (73.3%)
Unanswered	3 (1.5%)
Type of interested books
Science books	96 (47.8%)
Literature books	105 (52.2%)
The searching habit of academic documents on the internet
Non	1 (0.5%)
Sometimes	84 (41.6%)
Usually	117 (57.9%)
The searching habit of academic documents in English
Non	33 (16.3%)
Sometimes	141 (69.8%)
Usually	28 (13.9%)
Studying at library
Non	54 (26.7%)
Sometimes	126 (62.4%)
Usually	22 (10.9%)
Average academic results of last semester, mean (SD)	7.2 ± 0.8
Clinical results, mean (SD)	7.3 ± 0.8

Table 3 Metacognitive Awareness Score

Metacognitive Sub-Components (n = 202)	Number of Question	Score per Question
Total metacognitive awareness score, median (IQR)	52	0.8 (0.6–0.9)
Metacognitive knowledge score, median (IQR)	17	0.7 (0.5–0.9)
Metacognitive regulation score, median (IQR)	35	0.8 (0.7–0.9)
Procedural knowledge score, median (IQR)	4	0.8 (0.5–1.0)
Declarative knowledge score, median (IQR)	8	0.6 (0.5–0.9)
Conditional knowledge score, median (IQR)	5	0.8 (0.6–1.0)
Information management strategies score, median (IQR)	10	0.8 (0.7–0.9)
Planning score, median (IQR)	7	0.9 (0.7–1.0)
Comprehension monitoring score, median (IQR)	7	0.9 (0.7–1.0)
Debugging strategies score, median (IQR)	5	1.0 (0.8–1.0)
Evaluation score, median (IQR)	6	0.8 (0.7–1.0)

Table 4 The Relationship Between Total Metacognitive Awareness Score and Age, Gender, Academic Year, and Geographic Characteristics

Factors	Total Metacognitive Awareness Score <0.8	Total Metacognitive Awareness Score ≥ 0.8	p
	(n = 106)	(n = 96)
Gender
Female	34 (61.8%)	21 (38.2%)	0.10
Male	72 (49.0%)	75 (51.0%)
Type of student
Non-military	35 (70.0%)	15 (30.0%)	0.004
Military	71 (46.7%)	81 (53.3%)
Year of academic study
First	15 (38.5%)	24 (61.5%)	0.006
Second	11 (36.7%)	19 (63.3%)
Third	33 (55.0%)	27 (45.0%)
Fourth	23 (82.1%)	5 (17.9%)
Fifth	12 (50.0%)	12 (50.0%)
Sixth	12 (57.1%)	9 (42.9%)
Area of living
Suburban	85 (55.2%)	69 (44.8%)	0.17
Urban	21 (43.7%)	27 (56.3%)
Region
North	80 (52.3%)	73 (47.7%)	0.92
South	26 (53.1%)	23 (46.9%)

Table 5 The Relationship Between Metacognitive Awareness Total Score and Participants’ Habits and Academic Results

Variables	Total Metacognitive Awareness Score <0.8	Total Metacognitive Awareness Score ≥ 0.8	p
	(n = 106)	(n = 96)
Habit in sports
Non	65 (63.7%)	37 (36.3%)	0.001
Yes	41 (41.0%)	59 (59.0%)
Number of books reading in last three months (excluding medical books), mean (SD)	2.4 (3.1)	3.5 (4.0)	0.048
Type of interested books
Science books	48 (50.0%)	48 (50.0%)	0.54
Literature books	57 (53.8%)	48 (46.2%)
The searching habit of academic documents on the internet
Non	0 (0.0%)	1 (100%)	0.43
Sometimes	47 (55.9%)	37 (44.1%)
Usually	59 (50.4%)	58 (49.6%)
The searching habit of academic documents in English
Non	25 (75.8%)	8 (24.2%)	0.005
Sometimes	71 (50.4%)	70 (49.6%)
Usually	10 (35.7%)	18 (64.3%)
Studying at library
Non	32 (59.3%)	22 (40.7%)	0.33
Sometimes	65 (51.6%)	61 (48.4%)
Usually	9 (40.9%)	13 (59.1%)
Total exam results of last semester; mean (SD)	7.0 ± 0.8	7.4 ± 0.8	0.005
The clinical exam result of last semester; mean (SD)	7.1 ± 0.8	7.5 ± 0.8	0.016

Table 6 Multivariable Logistic of Total Metacognitive Awareness Score ≥ 0.8

Variables	OR	CI (95%)
Female	1.00	[1.00–1.00]
Male	0.90	[0.38–2.10]
Non-military students	1.00	[1.00–1.00]
Military Students	2.57*	[1.07–6.18]
Suburban	1.00	[1.00–1.00]
Urban	1.76	[0.84–3.68]
The North	1.00	[1.00–1.00]
The South	0.58	[0.28–1.24]
Non-habit in sports	1.00	[1.00–1.00]
Habit in sports	2.07*	[1.09–3.93]
Number of books read in last three months (excluding medical books)	1.05	[0.96−1.15]
Science books	1.00	[1.00–1.00]
Literature books	0.74	[0.39–1.39]
The searching habit of academic documents on the internet
Non	1.00	[1.00–1.00]
Sometimes	0.97	[0.49–1.92]
Usually	1.00	[1.00–1.00]
The searching habit of academic documents in English
Non	1.00	[1.00–1.00]
Sometimes	2.86*	[1.13–7.26]
Usually	3.13	[0.89–11.03]
Studying at library
Non	1.00	[1.00–1.00]
Sometimes	1.14	[0.56–2.30]
Usually	1.36	[0.45–4.16]

Notes: Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets. *p < 0.05.