The effects of exercise and diet program in overweight people – Nordic walking versus walking

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of the study.

Abbreviations: NW, Nordic walking; W, Walking; D, Diet; PA, Physical activity.

Table 1 Characteristics of trial groups, anthropometric and body composition measurements

	Assessment period			P-value
Measurement	Baseline	3 months	6 months	Baseline	Time within-group
Age
NW	66.0±6.7			0.859
W	65.5±7.7
Height (m)
NW	1.6±0.1			0.514
W	1.6±0.1
Weight (kg)
NW	83.1±12.4	79.0±12.9^a	78.2±13.5^c	0.725	0.001
W	81.5±11.5	79.2±12.4^a	78.1±13.3^c		0.002
BMI (kg/m^2)
NW	33.2±4.5	31.6±4.7^a	31.2±4.9^c	0.514	0.001
W	32.0±5.3	31.0±5.2^a	30.6±5.3^c		0.001
WC (cm)
NW	103.4±10.2	98.8±8.4^a	97.5±8.5^b,c	0.795	0.001
W	102.4±10	99.8±10.5^a	99.1±10.3^b,c		0.001
BFTOT (kg)
NW	33.5±7.0	30.8±7.6^a	30.8±7.8^c	0.784	0.001
W	32.7±7.5	31.5±7.5	30.5±7.2		0.007
BLTOT (kg)
NW	46.7±8.6	46.2±8.0	45.5±8.5	0.826	0.074
W	45.8±9.2	45.6±8.9	45.5±9.7		0.713
Arm fat (kg)
NW	2.1±0.4	2.0±0.5	1.9±0.5	0.956	0.039
W	2.1±0.7	2.0±0.7	2.0±0.8		0.573
Arm lean (kg)
NW	2.3±0.6	2.2±0.6	2.2±0.6	0.406	0.313
W	2.0±0.5	2.1±0.6	2.1±0.7		0.280
Leg fat (kg)
NW	5.2±1.4	4.7±1.4^a	4.7±1.5^c	0.610	0.001
W	4.9±1.3	4.9±1.4	4.6±1.3^b		0.012
Leg lean (kg)
NW	7.2±1.5	6.9±1.4	6.9±1.5	0.848	0.130
W	7.0±1.7	7.1±1.7	7.1±1.8		0.719
Trunk fat (kg)
NW	18.1±4.1	16.6±4.5	16.6±4.7	0.895	0.013
W	17.8±4.3	16.8±4.1	16.2±3.7		0.013
Trunk lean (kg)
NW	24.7±4.4	25.0±4.3	24.2±4.4	0.891	0.135
W	24.5±4.6	24.1±4.4	24.0±4.9		0.318
Android fat (kg)
NW	2.7±0.8	2.3±0.9^a	2.3±0.8^c	0.541	0.001
W	2.5±0.6	2.4±0.7	2.3±0.7		0.029
Android lean (kg)
NW	3.3±0.8	3.3±0.8	3.3±0.7	0.839	0.610
W	3.4±0.8	3.3±0.8	3.2±0.1		0.131

Notes: ^aSignificant change from pre to 3 months (P<0.05). ^bSignificant change from 3 to 6 months (P<0.05). ^cSignificant change from pre to 6 months (P<0.05).

Table 2 Aerobic and strength measurements

	Assessment period			P-value
Measurement	Baseline	3 months	6 months	Baseline	Time within-group
PPO (w)
NW	131.0±40.0	139±41.5^a	145.7±41.6^b,c	0.779	0.001
W	126.0±35.7	134.3±36.8^a	138.5±33.2^c		0.001
VO2peak (mL/min/kg)
NW	22.9±4.7	24.7±4.7	25.1±4.7^c	0.581	0.007
W	22.3±4.3	23.1±3.8	23.0±2.5		0.434
POvt1 (w)
NW	64.8±19.3	73.0±18.4^a	77.0±20.6^b,c	0.924	0.001
W	68.0±17.4	72.7±17.4^a	80.6±13.6^c		0.002
POvt2 (w)
NW	98.7±29.4	105.9±29.1^a	111.9±29.6^b,c	0.821	0.001
W	98.4±25.7	107.7±29.1^a	114.3±22.2^c		0.002
6MWT (m)
NW	555.4±73.4	592.4±62.9^a	625.5±57.2^b,c	0.901	0.001
W	558.8±62.9	570.4±54.1	606.9±44.2^b,c		0.001
MVCBB (N)
NW	176.8±48.0	193.2±50.4^a	201.1±52.2^c	0.792	0.001
W	167.8±84.0	177.8±68.0	181.9±73.8		0.233
MVCQF (N)
NW	210.1±105.8	258.1±50.5^a	254.1±98.3^c	0.334	0.001
W	177.1±88.2	195.4±92.7	196.7±101.6		0.185
Arm curl (n)
NW	18.8±1.0	22.5±4.3	25.3±4.3^c	0.971	0.004
W	20.3±3.8	20.8±4.4	21.0±4.3		0.794
Chair stand (n)
NW	15.7±3.8	20.2±3.8^a	19.0±2.3	0.973	0.004
W	15.5±3.2	21.2±6.3^a	18.0±7.1		0.010

Notes: ^aSignificant change from pre to 3 months (P<0.05). ^bSignificant change from 3 to 6 months (P<0.05). ^cSignificant change from pre to 6 months (P<0.05).

Figure 2 Monthly trend of the heart rate (HR_mean, panel a) and RPE (panel b) during training sessions in NW and W groups. ^#P<0.05, ^##P<0.01, significant differences between NW and W groups.

Abbreviations: NW, Nordic walking; W, walking; RPE, rate of perceived exertion.

Figure 3 Changes in total body fat (BF_TOT, panel a), android fat (panel b) and leg fat (panel c) in NW and W groups after 3 and 6 months of training. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, significant differences from baseline and from 3 to 6 months.

Abbreviations: NW, Nordic walking; W, walking.