Lifestyle factors among proton pump inhibitor users and nonusers: a cross-sectional study in a population-based setting

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic factors and comorbidities associated with ever use of proton pump inhibitors among 21,637 persons aged 25–79 years who participated in the Hvordan har du det? [How are you?]³⁸ survey study in the Central Danish Region, 2006

Characteristic	Ever use, n=3,047 (14.1%)	Never use, n=18,590 (85.9%)
Age, years
Under 40	464 (15.2%)	4,667 (25.1%)
40–49	549 (18.0%)	4,303 (23.2%)
50–59	702 (23.0%)	4,283 (23.0%)
60–69	779 (25.6%)	3,485 (18.8%)
70+	553 (18.0%)	1,852 (10.0%)
Sex
Female	1,691 (55.5%)	9,817 (52.8%)
Male	1,356 (45.5%)	8,773 (47.2%)
Charlson comorbidity index score
0	1,982 (65.1%)	15,831 (85.2%)
1	523 (17.2%)	1,504 (8.1%)
2	309 (10.1%)	910 (4.9%)
3+	233 (7.7%)	345 (1.9%)
Hospital history of reflux, esophagitis, or ulcer diagnosis
No	2,567 (84.3%)	18,433 (99.16%)
Yes	480 (15.8%)	157 (0.84%)

Note: Missing values are not shown.

Table 2 Prevalence and standardized prevalence ratios (PRs) for various lifestyle factors among ever users of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) compared with never users of PPIs

Characteristic	Crude prevalence, ever PPI use, n=3,047	Crude prevalence, never PPI use, n=18,590	Standardized PR,* ever vs never use of PPIs (95% CI)
BMI
Underweight	47 (1.5%)	265 (1.4%)	1.0 (0.7–1.4)
Normal weight	1,280 (42.0%)	8,862 (47.7%)	0.9 (0.8–0.9)
Overweight	1,137 (37.3%)	6,587 (35.4%)	1.1 (1.0–1.1)
Obese	508 (16.7%)	2,443 (13.1%)	1.3 (1.2–1.4)
Missing	75 (2.5%)	433 (2.3%)	–
Diet
Healthy	632 (20.7%)	3,901 (21.0%)	0.9 (0.9–1.0)
Moderately healthy	1,872 (61.4%)	11,852 (63.6%)	1.0 (0.9–1.0)
Unhealthy	446 (14.6%)	2,434 (13.1%)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)
Missing	97 (3.2%)	403 (2.2%)	–
Exercise
Regular	1,221 (40.1%)	8,468 (45.6%)	0.9 (0.9–1.0)
Not regular	1,746 (57.3%)	9,740 (52.4%)	1.1 (1.0–1.1)
Missing	80 (2.6%)	382 (2.0%)	–
Tobacco smoking
Current smoker	764 (25.1%)	4,169 (22.4%)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)
Former smoker	1,250 (41.0%)	5,949 (32.0%)	1.2 (1.1–1.2)
Never smoker	989 (32.5%)	8,307 (44.7%)	0.8 (0.7–0.8)
Missing	44 (1.4%)	165 (0.9%)	–
Alcohol intake
>14/>21 weekly drinks for women/men	16.9 (16.9%)	3,080 (16.6%)	1.0 (0.9–1.1)
≤14/≤21 weekly drinks for women/men	2,129 (69.9%)	13,974 (75.2%)	1.0 (0.9–1.0)
Missing	402 (13.2%)	1,536 (8.3%)	–

Note:

* Standardized to the distribution of age and gender in the total study population.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.

Table 3 Prevalence and standardized prevalence ratios (PRs) for various lifestyle factors among current and former proton pump inhibitor (PPI) users compared with never users of PPIs

Characteristic	Crude prevalence, current use of PPIs, n=1,179	Standardized PR,* current vs never use of PPIs (95% CI)	Crude prevalence, former use of PPIs, n=1,868	Standardized PR,* former vs never use of PPIs (95% CI)
BMI
Underweight	17 (1.4%)	1.1 (0.7–1.9)	30 (1.6%)	0.9 (0.6–1.4)
Normal weight	449 (38.8%)	0.9 (0.8–0.9)	831 (44.9%)	1.0 (0.9–1.0)
Overweight	459 (38.1%)	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	678 (36.3%)	1.0 (0.9–1.1)
Obese	220 (18.7%)	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	288 (15.4%)	1.2 (1.0–1.3)
Exercise
Regular	438 (37.2%)	0.8 (0.8–0.9)	783 (41.9%)	1.0 (0.9–1.0)
Not regular	713 (60.5%)	1.1 (1.1–1.2)	1,033 (55.3%)	1.0 (1.0–1.1)
Diet
Healthy	250 (21.2%)	0.9 (0.8–1.1)	382 (20.5%)	1.0 (0.9–1.1)
Moderately healthy	713 (60.5%)	1.0 (0.9–1.0)	1,159 (62.0%)	1.0 (0.9–1.0)
Unhealthy	174 (14.8%)	1.2 (1.0–1.4)	272 (14.6%)	1.1 (1.0–1.3)
Tobacco smoking
Current smoker	287 (24.3%)	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	477 (25.5%)	1.1 (1.0–1.3)
Former smoker	517 (43.9%)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	733 (39.2%)	1.1 (1.0–1.2)
Never smoker	355 (30.1%)	0.7 (0.7–0.8)	634 (33.9%)	0.8 (0.7–0.9)
Alcohol intake
>14/>21 weekly drinks for women/men	215 (18.2%)	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	247 (13.2%)	0.9 (0.8–1.0)
≤14/≤21 weekly drinks for women/men	809 (68.6%)	1.0 (0.9–1.0)	1,320 (70.6%)	1.0 (0.9–1.0)

Notes:

* Standardized to age and sex in the total study population. Missing values are not shown.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.

LarsenFBHvordan har du det? Selvvurderet helbred og ulighed i sundhed [How are you? Self-rated health and social inequality in health]AarhusUnit of Health Promotion, Department of Public Health2003

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