Anxiety and depression among dairy farmers: the impact of COPD

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart of the population.

Abbreviation: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Table 1 Population characteristics

Characteristics	DF-COPD (n=100)		DF-controls (n=98)			NF-COPD (n=85)		NF-controls (n=89)
	Mean ± SD	%	Mean ± SD	%	p-valuea	Mean ± SD	%	Mean ± SD	%	p-valueb	p-valuec
Age (years)	60.3±9.1	–	59.3±8.9		0.448	61.4±7.6		60.2±6.5		0.240	0.342
Men	–	86	–	88	0.715	–	78	–	73	0.481	0.139
Smoking status					0.289					0.313	<0.001
Non-smoker	–	47	–	55		–	8	–	14
Former smoker	–	33	–	33		–	42	–	47
Active smoker	–	20	–	12		–	50	–	39
Number of pack-years	12.7±16.8		8.1±12.1		0.028	31.4±23.1		24.4±17.8		0.026	<0.001
FEV1 (% predicted)	90±16		112±12		<0.001	84±17		115±13		<0.001	0.020
GOLD stage											0.029
1	–	75	–	–	–	–	60	–	–
≥2	–	25	–	–	–	–	40	–	–
mMRC	0.40±0.55		0.15±0.36	–	<0.001	0.61±0.77		0.25±0.57		<0.001	0.041
BDI	10.9±1.4		11.5±1.0	–	<0.001	10.1±2.1		11.3±1.4		<0.001	0.006
Symptomsd	–	74	–	42	<0.001	–	79	–	42	<0.001	0.420
SGRQ	14.8±12.6		7.5±7.3		<0.001	19.2±14.8		9.4±9.1		<0.001	0.028
BODE	0.20±0.55		0.04±0.21		0.012	0.42±0.81		0.11±0.41		0.002	0.034

Notes:

a Comparison between DF-COPD and DF-controls.

b Comparison between NF-COPD and NF-controls.

c Comparison between DF-COPD and NF-COPD.

d Symptoms: presence of at least one symptom among dyspnea, chronic cough and chronic sputum. Dairy farmers with COPD (DF-COPD), dairy farmers without COPD (DF-controls), non-farmers with COPD (NF-COPD), and non-farmers without COPD (NF-controls).

Abbreviations: BDI, Baseline Dyspnea Index; BODE, Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise capacity index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DF, dairy farmer; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council scale; NF, non-farmer; SD, standard deviation; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.

Figure 2 Prevalence of anxiety and depression among dairy farmers with COPD (DF-COPD), dairy farmers without COPD (DF-controls), non-farmers with COPD (NF-COPD) and non-farmers without COPD (NF-controls). ORs are adjusted (adjOR) on FEV₁ post-bronchodilator.

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; HADS-A; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – anxiety subscale; HADS-D; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – depression subscale; OR, odds ratio.

Figure 3 Factors associated with anxiety among dairy farmers and non-farmers.

Note: *Symptoms: presence of at least one symptom among dyspnea, chronic cough and chronic sputum.
Abbreviations: AS, active smoker; BDI, Baseline Dyspnea Index; BODE, Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise capacity index; FEV₁ post-BD, forced expiratory volume in 1 second post-bronchodilator; FS, former smoker; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council scale; NS, non-smoker; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.

Figure 4 Factors associated with depression among dairy farmers and non-farmers.

Note: *Symptoms: presence of at least one symptom among dyspnea, chronic cough and chronic sputum.
Abbreviations: AS, active smoker; BDI, Baseline Dyspnea Index; BODE, Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise capacity index; FEV₁ post-BD, forced expiratory volume in 1 second post-bronchodilator; FS, former smoker; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council scale; NS, non-smoker; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.