Secondhand Smoke Exposure and the Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Figures & data

Table 1 Overview of Selected Literature (1)

Ref	Authors	Years	Type	Males	Females	Location
[19]	Ebbert et al	2007	Cross-sectional	110	893	USA
[20]	Eisner et al	2005	Cohort	906	1207	USA
[21]	Yin et al	2007	Cohort	1777	13,602	China
[22]	Wu et al	2010	Case-control	/	420	Taiwan
[23]	Chan-Yeung et al	2007	Case-control	486	92	Hongkong
[24]	Zubair et al	2018	Cross-sectional	214	93	Pakistan
[25]	Johannessen et al	2012	Case-control	434	324	Norway
[26]	Sinha et al	2016	Cross-sectional	647	556	India
[27]	Hagstad et al	2014	Cross-sectional	867	1251	Sweden
[28]	Korsbæk et al	2021	Cross-sectional	9266	11,155	Denmark
[29]	Sezer et al	2006	Case-control	/	148	Turkey
[30]	Waked et al	2012	Cross-sectional	248	482	Lebanon
[31]	Kalandidi et al	1987	Case-control	/	282	USA
[32]	Kalandidi et al	1990	Case-control	/	282	Greece
[33]	Flexeder et al	2019	Cross-sectional	1381	1630	Europe
Ref	Length of exposure (Median)	Exposure measurement	Exposure Cites (mainly)	Odds Ratio (95% CI)		Score
[19]	/	Self-report	Workplace	1.34 (0.44–4.05)		10
[20]	41 years	Self-report	Home	1.56 (1.18–2.06)		8
[21]	3.5 years	Self-report (validation by cotinine)	Home	1.22 (1.00–1.48)		7
[22]	16.5 years	Self-report (validation by cotinine)	Home and workplace	2.10 (1.35–3.26)		9
[23]	/	Self-report	Home and workplace	1.81 (1.28–2.57)		9
[24]	3.5 years	Self-report	Home and workplace	31.67 (1.91–526.11)		9
[25]	/	Self-report	Workplace	1.30 (0.91–1.86)		8
[26]	15 years	Self-report	Home and workplace	26.64 (9.77–72.68)		10
[27]	>1 year	Self-report	Home and workplace	1.87 (1.20–2.91)		8
[28]	/	Self-report	Home and workplace	12.02 (10.59–13.65)		9
[29]	25 years	Self-report	Home and workplace	2.25 (1.04–4.87)		7
[30]	/	Self-report	Home	1.21 (0.62–2.37)		11
[31]	/	Self-report	Home	2.10 (1.26–3.51)		7
[32]	/	Self-report	Home	1.56 (0.78–3.13)		7
[33]	/	Self-report	Home and workplace	0.78 (0.50–1.23)		9

Figure 1 Flow chart for study selection.

Table 2 Basic Information About the Studies Included in the Subgroup Analysis of Duration of Exposure and COPD Prevalence

Ref	Authors	Group	OR (95% CI)	_ES	Logor	N	W(%)
[20]	Eisner et al	>5 years	1.56 (1.18–2.06)	1.56	0.44	2113	12.3
[21]	Yin et al	<=5 years	1.35 (1.02–1.79)	1.35	0.30	5609	12.3
		>5 years	1.52 (1.17–1.97)	1.52	0.42	5675	12.3
[22]	Wu et al	>5 years	2.10 (1.35–3.26)	2.10	0.74	391	12.0
[24]	Zubair et al	<=5 years	12.13 (0.68–217.82)	12.13	2.50	236	4.3
		>5 years	77.11 (4.56–1303.91)	77.11	4.35	182	4.5
[26]	Sinha et al	<=5 years	4.04 (1.17–13.95)	4.04	1.40	746	9.3
		>5 years	41.14 (15.03–112.60)	41.14	3.72	974	11.0
[27]	Hagstad et al	<=5 years	1.87 (1.20–2.91)	1.87	0.62	2118	12.0
[29]	Sezer et al	>5 years	2.25 (1.04–4.87)	2.25	0.81	148	10.2
		Group	OR (95% CI)	I^2	p
	Synthesis	<=5 years	1.78 (1.17–272)	49%	0.12
		>5 years	4.38 (1.28–15.0)	89%	<0.01

Figure 2 Meta-analyses of COPD prevalence and SHS exposure.

Figure 3 Subgroup analysis of the association between region and COPD prevalence.

Figure 4 Subgroup analysis of the association between gender and COPD prevalence.

Figure 5 Subgroup analysis of the association between exposure duration and COPD prevalence.

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