Prevalence of quadriceps muscle weakness in patients with COPD and its association with disease severity

Figures & data

Table 1 Selection criteria for the study population

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Age 45 years or above, of either sex	Comorbid chronic lung disease, such as bronchiectasis or lung abscess
COPD diagnosed by GOLD criteria Provision of consent and willingness to participate	Concomitant tuberculosis Concomitant asthma, as diagnosed by GINA guidelines^Citation40 Concomitant diabetes Myopathy of any other kind

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GINA, Global Initiative for Asthma; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.

Figure 1 Distribution of subjects according to COPD grade (GOLD classification).

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.

Table 2 Relationship between quadriceps muscle force and COPD grade (GOLD classification)

COPD grade	Quadriceps muscle force				Range		F-value	P-value
	n	Mean (kg)	SD	SE	Minimum	Maximum
1	17	22.2941	2.91043	0.70588	17.00	27.00	38.547	<0.001
2	21	17.6667	3.24551	0.70823	13.00	24.00
3	23	13.7391	3.36043	0.70070	9.00	23.00
4	14	10.0000	4.26073	1.13873	4.00	17.00
Total	75	16.0800	5.43204	0.62724	4.00	27.00

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.

Table 3 Proportion of quadriceps muscle weakness in participants with different stages of COPD (as per GOLD classification)

COPD grade (GOLD classification)	Quadriceps muscle weakness				Total
	Present		Absent
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Mild (1)	13	76.5	4	23.5	17	100
Moderate (2)	20	95.2	1	4.8	21	100
Severe (3)	22	95.7	1	4.3	23	100
Very severe (4)	14	100	0	0	14	100
Total	69	92	6	8	75	100

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.

Figure 2 Scatter plot showing the relation between the age and quadriceps muscle force of the participants (r=−0.675).

Table 4 Distribution of participants in different stages of COPD according to age

Age (years)	Mean quadriceps muscle force (kg)	COPD grade (GOLD classification)								Total
		Mild (1)		Moderate (2)		Severe (3)		Very severe (4)
		n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
45–60	21.3	8	50	7	43	0	0	1	7	16	100
61–75	15.9	8	18.2	12	27.3	16	36.4	8	18.1	44	100
≥76	11.1	1	6.7	2	13.3	7	46.7	5	33.3	15	100
Total	16.1	17	22.7	21	28	23	30.7	14	18.6	75	100

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.

Table 5 Proportion of quadriceps muscle weakness according to age group

Age group (years)	Quadriceps muscle weakness				Total
	Present		Absent
	n	%	n	%	n	%
45–60	16	100	0	0	16	100
61–75	39	88.6	5	11.4	44	100
≥76	14	93.3	1	6.7	15	100
Total	69	92	6	8	75	100

Figure 3 Scatter Plot showing the relation between body mass index (BMI) and the quadriceps muscle force of the participants (r=0.496).

From the Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2015 Available from: http://www.ginas-thma.org/Accessed June 13, 2015

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