Neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of ghrelin in an experimental glaucoma model

Figures & data

Table 1 Mean IOP changes

	IOP day 0	IOP day 5	IOP day 10
Control	14.57±1.13	14.00±2.08	14.42±1.51
Vehicle control	14.42±1.13	28.85±1.95a	31.85±1.06b
Ghrelin	14.14±1.34	26.85±2.11a	27.57±1.90b

Notes:

a Compared to the control group there is a significant difference in IOP on day 5 (P<0.05).

b Compared to the control group there is a significant difference in IOP on day 10 (P<0.05).

Abbreviation: IOP, intraocular pressure.

Table 2 MDA, NO, and NOS2 levels in the study groups

	Control	Vehicle control	Ghrelin
MDA (μmol/L)	1.68±0.22	3.61±0.57a	2.19±0.19b,c
NO (μM/L)	5.19±1.0	9.8±3.26a	6.12±1.87b,d
NOS2 (μM/L)	17.0±2.16	28.1±10.2e	9.28±1.49a,c

Notes: The data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation.

a Compared to the control group there is a significant difference (P<0.01).

b Compared to the control group there is no a significant difference (P>0.05).

c Compared to the vehicle control group there is a significant difference (P<0.01).

d Compared to the vehicle control group there is a significant difference (P<0.05).

e Compared to the control group there is a significant difference (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: MDA, malondialdehyde; NO, nitric oxide; NOS2, nitric oxide synthase-2.

Figure 1 Micrographs of retinal TUNEL staining for one rat in each treatment group.

Notes: (A) Control, (B) vehicle control, and (C) ghrelin. Arrows indicate apoptotic cells.

Figure 2 Micrographs of hematoxylin-eosin staining for one rat in each treatment group.

Notes: (A) Control, (B) vehicle control, and (C) ghrelin. Arrows indicate the INL.
Abbreviations: ONL, outer nuclear layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; RGC, retinal ganglion cell.

Figure 3 Micrographs of retinal glial fibrillary acid staining for one rat in each treatment group.

Notes: (A) Control, (B) vehicle control, and (C) ghrelin. Arrows indicate Müller cells and their processes.

Figure 4 Micrographs of retinal S-100 staining for one rat in each treatment group.

Notes: (A) Control, (B) vehicle control, and (C) ghrelin. Arrows indicate Müller cells and their processes.

Figure 5 Micrographs of retinal vimentin staining for one rat in each treatment group.

Notes: (A) Control, (B) vehicle control, and (C) ghrelin. The arrows indicate Müller cells and their processes.