Ameliorative Effect of Sodium Selenite on Silver Nanoparticles-Induced Myocardiocyte Structural Alterations in Rats

Figures & data

Figure 1 The assessment of body weight and the heart coefficient ratio. (A) Body weight of all four groups of rats was recorded twice a week, which increased in a similar trend. (B) The heart coefficient ratio was calculated and analyzed. Groups with no label on the top indicate no significant difference (P>0.05) when compared among the groups.

Notes: The data represent means±SD. p<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.Abbreviations: AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; Se, sodium selenite; SD, standard deviation.

Table 1 Echocardiography Measurements in Rats Treated with or Without AgNPs and Selenite

Parameters	Cont	AgNPs	Se	AgNPs+Se
PA (mm)	3.03±0.12	3.00±0.06	3.13±0.15	3.10±0.17
IVS (mm)	1.42±0.04	1.45±0.05	1.45±0.05	1.43±0.05
LVIDd (mm)	7.17±0.27	7.13±0.37	7.10±0.51	7.17±0.31
LVIDs (mm)	4.23±0.19	4.45±0.31	4.17±0.29	4.13±0.32
LVFS (%)	41.35±1.10	37.65±1.92*	41.52±1.68^#	42.39±2.33^#
EF (%)	77.46±0.98	73.29±2.54*	77.79±1.78^#	78.49±2.51^#
CO (mL/min)	235.34±22.16	192.09±26.49*	222.56±37.04	225.19±47.63
SV (mL)	0.65±0.07	0.60±0.08	0.63±0.12	0.65±0.07
EDV (mL)	0.84±0.09	0.82±0.11	0.81±0.15	0.83±0.11
ESV (mL)	0.19±0.02	0.22±0.04	0.18±0.03	0.18±0.04

Notes: The data represent means ± SD. * P<0.05 vs control; ^#P<0.05 vs AgNPs.

Abbreviations: Cont, control; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; Se, selenium; PA, pulmonary artery internal diameter; IVS, interventricular septum thickness; LVIDd, the left ventricular internal dimension at the end of diastole; LVIDs, left ventricular internal dimension at the end of systole; LVFS, the left ventricular fractional shortening; EF, ejection fraction; CO, cardiac output; SV, stroke volume; EDV, the left ventricular volume at the end of diastole; ESV, the left ventricular volume at the end of systole.

Table 2 Hemodynamics Measurements in Rats Treated with or Without AgNPs and Selenite

Parameters	Cont	AgNPs	Se	AgNPs+Se
HR (beats/min)	437.83±22.16	387.17±31.61*	429.67±4.23^#	412.00±4.00
LVSP (mmHg)	117.84±1.99	93.27±8.56*	109.43±9.95^#	108.60±7.94^#
LVEDP (mmHg)	15.95±2.84	25.74±6.19*	15.07±3.27^#	14.67±2.65^#
LVdP/dtmax(mmHg/s)	3015.49±61.16	1659.60±355.87*	2697.76±297.27^#	2649.76±314.64^#
LVdP/dtmin(mmHg/s)	2555.28±31.29	1489.58±337.19*	2331.41±175.54^#	2373.38±345.32^#

Notes: The data represent means ± SD. * P<0.05 vs control; ^#P<0.05 vs AgNPs

Abbreviations: Cont, control; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; Se, selenium; HR, heart rate; LVSP, left ventricular systolic pressure; LVEDP, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; LVdP/dt_max, maximal rate of left ventricular pressure rise; LVdP/dt_min, maximal rate of pressure decrease during relaxation.

Figure 2 Assessment of cardiac function by echocardiography and invasive hemodynamics. (A) Representative M-mode echocardiograms images were captured in each rat. (B) Representative left ventricular pressure diagrams were recorded in each group.

Abbreviations: Cont, control; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; Se, selenium; LVSP, left ventricular systolic pressure; LVEDP, left ventricular diastolic pressure.

Figure 3 Ultrastructural changes of heart tissue observed by 10,000×TEM. Sarcomere and myofilament were observed. After exposure of AgNPs, fragmentation and lysis of the myofibrils and disarray of the sarcomere were found.

Abbreviations: Cont, control; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; Se, selenium; H, H-bands; A, A-bands; m, M-lines; Z, Z-lines; F, myofibrils; M, mitochondria.

Figure 4 Ultrastructural changes of myocardial capillaries observed by 20,000×TEM. (A) Ultrastructural changes in myocardial capillaries and their endothelial cells. (B) The summarized bar graph showing the relative luminal area and the relative nuclear area.

Notes: The Data were collected from ten independent images and presented as means ± SD. p<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. * p<0.05 vs control; #p<0.05 vs AgNPs.Abbreviations: Cont, control; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; Se, selenium; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 5 Ultrastructural changes of mitochondrial morphology and the mitophagy. (A–D) representative images showing mitochondrial morphology from (A) control, (B) Se-treated, (C) AgNPs-treated and (D) Se+AgNPs cotreated group; Green arrows denote silver nanoparticles within the mitochondria and yellow for outside. (E and F) representative images showing mitophagy in (E) AgNPs-treated and (F) Se+AgNPs cotreated group. Red arrows denote mitophagy.

Abbreviations: Cont, control; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; Se, selenium.

Figure 6 Western blotting of mitochondrial fission and autophagy markers. (A) The representative Western blot showing Drp1, p-Drp1, Fis1 and LC3B levels. VDAC and GAPDH served as the internal loading control for mitochondrial and whole protein, respectively. (B) The bar graph showing semiquantitative band intensity ratio from Drp1, p-Drp1, Fis1 to LC3B.

Notes: The data represent means±SD. * p<0.05 vs control; #p<0.05 vs AgNPs.Abbreviations: Cont, control; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; Se, selenium; SD, standard deviation.