The Refined Application and Evolution of Nanotechnology in Enhancing Radiosensitivity During Radiotherapy: Transitioning from Gold Nanoparticles to Multifunctional Nanomaterials

Figures & data

Figure 1 The multifaceted capabilities of gold nanoparticles.

Table 1 Studies on Radiosensitization of GNPs

Study [Ref]	Size (nm)	Surface Modifier	Concentration/ Injection Dose (i.v./i.t./i.p)	Cell Line	Energy	DEF/Effect
Chang et al 2008^Citation47
In vitro	13 nm	Citrate	10 nM	B16F10	6 MeV e−	Compared with IR alone, 8Gy+GNPs SF was significantly reduced
In vivo	13 nm	Citrate	200 μL, 200 nM GNPs Intravenous(i.v.)	B16F10	6 MeV e−	Tumor growth was significantly slower and survival rate improved
Butterworth et al 2010^Citation48
In vitro	1.9 nm	Proprietary thiol	2.4 μM 0.24 μM	AGO-1552B Astro DU-145 L132 MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 PC-3 T98G	160 kVp	1.97 0.96 0.81 0.87 1.09 1.11 1.02 1.91
Chithrani et al 2010^Citation49
In vitro	14 nm 50 nm 74 nm	Citrate	7x109 NPs/mL	HeLa	105 kVp 220 kVp 660 keV (137-Cs) 6 MVp	1.66 1.43 1.18 1.17
Geng et al 2011^Citation50
In vitro	14 nm	Glucose	1.25 nM 2.5 nM 5 nM	SK-OV-3	90 kVp 6MV	1.44 1.3–1.37
Jain et al 2011^Citation51
In vitro	1.9 nm	Proprietary thiol (AuroVist™)	12 μM (500 μg/mL)	MDA-MB-231 L132 DU145	160 kVp 6MV 15 MV	1.41 1.29 1.16 (MDA-MB-231)
Coulter et al 2012^Citation52
In vitro	1.9 nm	Proprietary thiol (AuroVist™)	12 μM (500 μg/mL)	MDA-MB-231 DU145 L132	160 kVp	~1.8 (MDA-MB-231)
Joh et al 2013^Citation53
In vitro	12nm	PEG	1 mM	U251	150 kVp	~1.3
In vivo	12nm	PEG	1.25 g Au/kg	U251	175 kVp, 20 Gy	Median survival was prolonged
Chattopadhyay et al 2013^Citation54
In vitro	30nm	PEG HER2 targeted (trastuzumab)	2.4 mg/mL	MDA-MB-361	100 kVp	1.6 (targeted) 1.3 (non-targeted)
In vivo	30nm	PEG HER2 targeted (trastuzumab)	~0.8 mg Au (4.8 mg/g tumor) Intratumoral(i.t.)	MDA-MB-361	100 kVp, 11 Gy	GNPs+X radiation resulted in 46% regression of MDA-MB-361 tumors, with no significant normal tissue toxicity
Cui et al 2014^Citation55
In vitro	2.7nm	Tiopronin	0.5 mg/mL	MDA-MB-231	225 kVp	1.04–1.44
Jain et al 2014^Citation56
In vitro	1.9 nm	Proprietary thiol (AuroVist™)	12 μM (500 μg/mL)	MDA-MB-231	160 kVp	1.41
Khoshgard et al 2014^Citation57
In vitro	47–52nm	PEG, Folate-conjugated	50 μM	HeLa	Gamma (60-Co)	1.64 (targeted) 1.35 (untargeted)
Taggart et al 2014^Citation58
In vitro	1.9 nm	Proprietary thiol (AuroVist™)	12 μM (500 μg/mL)	MDA-MB-231 T98G DU-145	225 kVp	1.17–1.23 (MDA-MB-231) 1.35–1.90 (T98G) 1.01–1.1
Liu et al 2015^Citation59
In vitro	14.8nm	Citrate	1.5–15 μg/mL	HeLa	50 kVp X-rays 70 keV/μm carbon	1.14–2.88 1.27–1.44
Wang et al 2015^Citation60
In vitro	16 nm, 49 nm	Glucose	20 nM	MDA-MB-231	6 MV	1.49 (16 nm) 1.86 (49 nm)
Wolfe et al 2015^Citation61
In vitro	31 × 9 nm	PEG, goserelin-conjugated nanorods	0.3 optical density	PC3	6 MV	1.19 (non-targeted) 1.36 (targeted)
In vivo	31 × 9 nm	PEG, goserelin-conjugated nanorods	100 μL, 40 μM AuNPs (i.v)	PC3	6 MV	Tumor growth delay, 17 days (targeted) and 3 days (non-targeted)
Li et al 2016^Citation62
In vitro	5 nm 10 nm	amine-PEG	0.05 mg /mL	A431	1.3 MeV	The radiosensitization effect was significantly enhanced
Dou et al 2016^Citation63
In vivo	13.2nm	PEG	60nM/kg (i.v.)	Hela	6MeV	Tumor growth is inhibited
Soleymanifard et al 2017^Citation64
In vitro	16nm	Glucose	100µM	QU-DB MCF-7	100kVp 6MV	Tumor growth is inhibited
Liu et al 2018^Citation65
In vivo	8 nm 50 nm	BSA	4mg/kg (i.v.)	H22	6MV	Tumor growth is inhibited, 1.93 (8nm) 2.02 (50nm)
Molinari et al 2020^Citation66
In vitro	48.6nm	SI306	1 μM 10 μM	U87 GBM	43.9MV	Effectively enhance anti-tumor proliferation activity
Luo et al 2020^Citation67
In vitro	5nm	Gd(III)	50 nM	PSMA	2 Gy 4 Gy 6 Gy 8 Gy	The Gd (III) complex to GDP showed an approximately 4-fold increase in MR Sensitivity, a higher binding affinity, and enhanced cell MR Contrast and in vitro radiosensitization
In vivo	5nm	Gd(III)	60 μmol/kg	PSMA	1.8−2.0 Gy per fraction and hypofractionation of 2.5−6.7 Gy per fraction	Tumor accumulation, MR Contrast and in vivo radiation dose were significantly amplified, with high prostate cancer targeting specificity, MR Contrast sensitivity and renal clearance.
Cunningham et al 2021^Citation68
In vitro	50nm	/	10μg/mL	CHO-Kl	Proton irradiation 2Gy 6Gy	The cell killing rate increased, and the cell killing rate was 27.1% at 2Gy and 43.8% at 6Gy
Marques et al 2022^Citation69
In vitro	20nm	BBN TDOTA	2–75μg/mL	PC3	2 Gy of γ-rays Co-60 (0.5 to 6 Gy, 1Gy/min)	GNP-BBN showed higher uptake (5 -fold increase) in PC3 cells, and AuNP-BBN could act as a more effective and selective radiosensitizer for PC3 cells
Kim et al 2022^Citation70
In vitro	5nm	/	50μg/mL	HH HCC	X-Rad 320 225kV, 3.45 Gy/min, 1–5Gy	The combination of AuNPs and radiation does have the potential to treat hepatocellular carcinoma

Figure 2 Physical Mechanisms.

Figure 3 Biological Mechanisms.

Figure 4 Chemical Mechanisms.

Figure 5 The intricate mechanisms of selenium nanoparticles.

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