Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury in Non-Critical Medical Patients in a Developing Country Tertiary Hospital: Incidence and Predictors

Figures & data

Figure 1 Selection of study participants to be included in the final analysis, January 2020 to January 2022, Ethiopia. AKI: Acute Kidney Injury, HAAKI: Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury, ICU: Intensive Care Unit.

Table 1 Baseline Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Among Non-Critical Medical Patients at SPHMMC in Ethiopia, January 2020 to January 2022 (n = 232)

Variable	Frequency (%)	Variable	Frequency (%)
Age group (in years)		Medication
<40	90 (38.8)	Cephalosporin	180 (77.6)
40–59	74 (31.9)	Anticoagulants	133 (57.3)
≥ 60	68 (29.3)	PPIs	132 (56.9)
Sex		Vancomycin	91 (39.2)
Male	129 (55.6)	Diuretics	71 (30.6)
Female	103 (44.4)	Steroids	63 (27.2)
Comorbidity		ACEI/ARBs	41 (17.7)
Hypertension	89 (38.4)	Macrolides	38 (16.4)
DM	40 (17.2)	Anti TB	23 (9.9)
Chronic lung disease	23 (9.9)	Antiplatelet	17 (7.3)
Cardiovascular disease	15 (6.5)	Penicillin	14 (6.0)
HIV	13 (5.6)	Quinolones	6 (2.6)
Malignancy	9 (3.9)	Laboratory parameters
Admission diagnosis		Normal WBC	150 (64.7)
Pneumonia	90 (38.8)	Low WBC	24 (10.3)
Heart failure	62 (26.7)	High WBC	58 (25.0)
DVT/PE	41 (17.7)	Normal Hemoglobin	109 (47.0)
Stroke	28 (12.1)	Low Hemoglobin	91 (39.2)
Sepsis	23 (9.9)	High Hemoglobin	32 (13.8)
TB	21 (9.1)	Normal Sodium	155 (66.8)
CNS infection	18 (7.8)	Low Sodium	68 (29.3)
Hepatitis	15 (6.5)	High Sodium	9 (3.9)
GI infection	11 (4.7)	Normal Potassium	184 (79.3)
COPD	9 (3.9)	Low Potassium	37 (15.9)
Upper GI Bleeding	8 (3.4)	High Potassium	11 (4.7)

Table 2 Predictors of HAAKI Among Non-Critical Medical Patients at SPHMMC in Ethiopia, January 2020 to January 2022 (n = 232)

Variable		HAAKI		CRR (95% CI)	ARR (95% CI)	p-value
		Yes (n=26)	No (n=206)
Age group (in years)	<40	5	85	1	1
	40–59	10	64	2.43 (0.87, 6.80)	1.79 (0.57, 5.57)	0.317
	≥60	11	57	2.91 (1.06, 7.99)	2.39 (0.74, 7.7.4)	0.146
Sex	Male	17	112	1	1
	Female	9	94	0.66 (0.31, 1.43)	0.57 (0.25, 1.28)	0.173
Hypertension	No	12	131	1	1
	Yes	14	75	1.88 (0.91, 3.87)	1.58 (0.56, 4.41)	0.386
T2DM	No	18	174	1	1
	Yes	8	32	2.13 (0.99, 4.56)	2.36 (1.03, 5.39)	0.042*
Sepsis	No	22	187	1	1
	Yes	4	19	1.65 (0.62, 4.38)	1.75 (0.59, 5.16)	0.308
DVT/PE	No	21	170	1	1
	Yes	5	36	1.11 (0.44, 2.77)	1.68 (0.59, 4.78)	0.335
Macrolides	No	21	173	1	1
	Yes	5	33	1.22 (0.49, 3.02)	1.76 (0.65, 4.78)	0.265
Vancomycin	No	10	131	1	1
	Yes	16	75	2.48 (1.18, 5.22)	3.04 (1.38, 6.72)	0.006*
ACEI/ARBs	No	21	170	1	1
	Yes	5	36	1.11 (0.44, 2.77)	0.46 (0.16, 1.33)	0.152
PPIs	No	4	96	1	1
	Yes	22	110	4.17 (1.48, 11.71)	3.80 (1.34, 10.82)	0.012*
Anticoagulants	No	8	91	1	1
	Yes	18	115	1.68 (0.76, 3.69)	1.67 (0.72, 3.86)	0.232
Steroids	No	21	148	1	1
	Yes	5	58	0.64 (0.25, 1.62)	0.55 (0.21, 1.42)	0.216
WBC	Normal	17	133	1	1
	Low/High	9	73	0.97 (0.45, 2.08)	0.71 (0.33, 1.53)	0.386
Hemoglobin	Normal	11	98	1	1
	Low/High	15	108	1.21 (0.58, 2.52)	1.08 (0.51, 2.32)	0.839
Sodium	Normal	14	141	1	1
	Low/High	12	65	1.73 (0.84, 3.55)	1.73 (0.73, 4.07)	0.211

Notes: * = statistically significant.

Abbreviations: CRR, Crude Relative Risk, ARR, Adjusted Relative Risk.

Data Sharing Statement

All relevant data are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.