Smoking, alcohol, and substance use and rates of quitting during pregnancy: is it hard to quit?

Figures & data

Table 1 Alcohol and substance use lifelong and during to pregnancy periods

	Alcohol	Other, SC**	Cigarettes	Various drugs
Lifelong use*
Never	96.1 (1,040)	99 (1,077)	67.2 (727)	99.9 (1,081)
Only once or twice	1.85 (20)	0.2 (2)	4.3 (47)	0.1 (1)
Monthly one to three times	1.1 (12)	0 (0)	2.2 (23)	0 (0)
Weekly one to five times	0.185 (2)	0 (0)	2.8 (31)	0 (0)
Daily	0.73 (8)	0.3 (3)	23.4 (254)	0 (0)
Total positive	3.9 (42)	0.5 (5)	34.1 (355)	0.1 (1)
Total % (number)	100 (1,082)	100 (1,082)	100 (1,082)	100 (1,082)
Previous pregnancies*
Never	99.4 (663)	99.7 (665)	88.9 (593)
Only once or twice	0.15 (1)	0.15 (1)	1.3 (9)
Monthly one to three times	0.15 (1)	0 (0)	0.6 (4)
Weekly one to five times	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.6 (11)
Daily	0.3 (2)	0.15 (1)	7.5 (50)
Total positive	0.6 (4)	0.3 (2)	11.0 (74)
Total % (number)	100 (667***)	100 (667***)	100 (667***)
Current pregnancy*
Never	99.6 (1,078)	99.8 (1,080)	89.2 (965)
Only once or twice	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.5 (16)
Monthly one to three times	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.8 (9)
Weekly one to five times	0 (0)	0 (0)	2.1 (23)
Daily	0.4 (4)	0.2 (2)	6.4 (69)
Total positive	0.4 (4)	0.2 (2)	11.8 (117)
Total % (number)	100 (1,082)	100 (1,082)	100 (1,082)

Notes:

* Values are given as % (n).

** Synthetic cannabinoids.

*** Calculation was made for the sample with multiparas.

Abbreviation: SC, synthetic cannabinoids.

Figure 1 Quitting rate of daily smokers during pregnancy.

Figure 2 Quitting rates of other smokers during pregnancy.

Table 2 Predictors of the use of tobacco and alcohol during pregnancy

	Beta	t	p-value
Predictors of the use of tobacco (adjusted R^2: 0.563)
Education	0.022	0.862	0.389
Previous pregnancy tobacco use	0.596	19,522	0.000
Lifelong tobacco use	0.234	7,691	0.000
Alcohol use in previous pregnancy	−0.032	−1.008	0.314
Lifelong alcohol use	0.036	1.113	0.266
Predictors of the use of alcohol (adjusted R^2: 0.872)
Education	−0.021	−1.484	0.138
Alcohol use in previous pregnancies	0.978	57,058	0.000
Lifelong alcohol use	−0.087	−4.930	0.000
Lifelong tobacco use	0.025	1.520	0.129
Tobacco use in previous pregnancies	−0.052	−3.154	0.002