Determinants of Stillbirth Among Deliveries Attended in Bale Zone Hospitals, Oromia Regional State, Southeast Ethiopia: A Case–Control Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of Mothers Who Gave Birth and Participated in the Study in Hospitals of Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State, Southeast Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Cases N (%)	Controls N (%)	Total N (%)
Maternal age
<20 years	25 (18.7)	32 (11.9)	57 (14.2)
20–34 years	80 (59.7)	176 (65.7)	256 (63.7)
>34 years	29 (21.6)	60 (22.4)	89 (22.1)
Residence
Urban	52 (38.8)	113 (42.2)	165 (41.0)
Rural	82 (61.2)	155 (57.8)	237 (59.0)
Marital status
Single	12 (9.0)	23 (8.6)	35 (8.7)
Married	116 (86.6)	228 (85.1)	344 (85.6)
Divorced	4 (3.0)	11 (4.1)	15 (3.7)
Widowed	2 (1.5)	6 (2.2)	8 (2.0)
Education level
Uneducated	41 (30.6)	89 (33.2)	130 (32.3)
Elementary	47 (35.1)	74 (27.6)	121 (30.1)
Secondary and above	26 (19.4)	64 (23.9)	90 (22.4)
Unrecorded	20 (14.9)	41 (15.3)	61 (15.2)

Table 2 Maternal Health Related Characteristics of Mothers Who Gave Birth and Participated in the Study in Hospitals of Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State, Southeast Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Cases N (%)	Controls N (%)	Total N (%)
Gravidity
Primigravida	48 (35.8)	80 (29.9)	128 (31.8)
Multigravida	55 (41.0)	131 (48.9)	186 (46.3)
Grand multi	31 (23.1)	57 (21.3)	88 (21.9)
Parity
Primipara	52 (38.8)	88 (32.8)	140 (34.8)
Multipara	56 (41.8)	126 (47.0)	182 (45.3)
Grand multipara	26 (19.4)	54 (20.1)	80 (19.9)
History of stillbirth
Yes	9 (10.6)	23 (12.1)	32 (11.6)
No	76 (89.4)	167 (87.9)	243 (88.4)
Preceding birth interval
<24 months	46 (54.1)	62 (33.0)	108 (39.6)
≥24 months	39 (45.9)	126 (67.0)	165 (60.4)
Maternal medical illness
Yes	30 (22.4)	53 (19.8)	83 (20.6)
No	104 (77.6)	215 (80.2)	319 (79.4)

Table 3 Pregnancy Related Characteristics of Mothers Who Gave Birth in Hospitals of Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State, Southeast Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Cases N (%)	Controls N (%)	Total N (%)
Antenatal visit
Yes	87 (64.9)	211 (78.7)	298 (74.1)
No	41 (30.6)	50 (18.7)	91 (22.6)
Unrecorded	6 (4.5)	7 (2.6)	13 (3.2)
Time of first antenatal visit
First trimester	18 (20.7)	72 (34.1)	90 (30.3)
Second trimester	17 (19.8)	69 (32.7)	86 (29.0)
Third trimester	51 (59.3)	70 (33.2)	121 (40.7)
No. of antenatal visits
1 time only	36 (41.4)	26 (12.3)	62 (20.8)
2–3 times	41 (47.1)	153 (72.5)	194 (65.1)
4 times and above	10 (11.5)	32 (15.2)	42 (14.1)
Iron folic acid supplementation
Yes	86 (64.2)	193 (72.0)	279 (69.4)
No	38 (28.4)	61 (22.8)	99 (24.6)
Unrecorded	10 (7.5)	14 (5.2)	24 (6.0)
Tetanus Toxoid2 plus vaccination
Yes	75 (56.0)	177 (66.0)	252 (62.7)
No	41 (30.6)	65 (24.3)	106 (26.4)
Unrecorded	18 (13.4)	26 (9.7)	44 (10.9)
Antepartum hemorrhage
Yes	15 (11.2)	19 (7.1)	34 (8.5)
No	119 (88.8)	249 (92.9)	368 (91.5)
Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP)
Yes	25 (18.7)	26 (9.7)	51 (12.7)
No	109 (81.3)	242 (90.3)	371 (87.3)
Premature rupture of membranes (PROM)
Yes	13 (9.7)	12 (4.5)	25 (6.2)
No	121 (90.3)	256 (95.5)	377 (93.8)
CBC (hemoglobin level)
<11 g/dL	29 (21.6)	48 (17.9)	77 (19.2)
≥11 g/dL	88 (65.7)	190 (70.9)	278 (69.2)
Not done	17 (12.7)	30 (11.2)	47 (11.7)

Table 4 Labor and Delivery Related Characteristics of Mothers Who Gave Birth in Hospitals of Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State, Southeast Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Cases N (%)	Controls N (%)	Total N (%)
Mode of admission
Nonreferral	38 (28.4)	162 (60.4)	200 (49.8)
Referral	96 (71.6)	106 (39.6)	201 (50.2)
Onset of labor
Spontaneous	126 (94.0)	261 (97.4)	387 (96.3)
Induced	8 (6.0)	7 (2.6)	15 (3.7)
Stage of labor on admission
First stage	57 (45.2)	144 (55.2)	201 (51.9)
Second stage	69 (54.8)	117 (44.8)	186 (48.1)
Partograph used
Yes	31 (23.1)	92 (34.3)	123 (30.6)
No	103 (76.9)	176 (65.7)	279 (69.4)
Fetal presentation at birth
Vertex	95 (70.9)	193 (72.0)	288 (71.6)
Mal presentation	39 (29.1)	75 (28.0)	114 (28.4)
Meconium stained amniotic fluid
Yes	49 (36.6)	29 (10.8)	78 (19.4)
No	85 (63.4)	239 (89.2)	324 (80.6)
Labor augmentation
No	91 (67.9)	192 (71.6)	283 (70.4)
One dose	14 (10.4)	44 (16.4)	58 (14.4)
Two or more dose	29 (21.6)	32 (11.9)	61 (15.2)
Obstructed labor
Yes	22 (16.5)	25 (9.3)	47 (11.7)
No	112 (83.6)	243 (90.7)	355 (88.3)
Cord accident
Yes	20 (14.9)	35 (13.1)	55 (13.7)
No	114 (85.1)	233 (86.9)	347 (86.3)
Duration of labor
<24 h	78 (58.2)	204 (76.1)	282 (70.1)
≥24 h	56 (41.8)	64 (23.9)	120 (29.9)
Mode of delivery
Vaginal	78 (58.2)	122 (45.5)	200 (49.8)
Cesarean section	31 (23.1)	101 (37.7)	132 (32.8)
Assisted	25 (18.7)	45 (16.8)	70 (17.4)

Table 5 Determinant Factors of Stillbirth Among Deliveries Attended in Hospitals of Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State, Southeast Ethiopia, 2019

Variable	Cases N (%)	Controls N (%)	COR 95%CI	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
Preceding birth interval
<24 months	46 (54.1)	62 (33.0)	2.397 (1.420–4.048)*	2.991 (1.351–6.621)**	0.007
≥24 months	39 (45.9)	126 (67.0)	1	1
Time of first antenatal care visit
First trimester	18 (20.7)	72 (34.1)	1	1
Second trimester	17 (19.8)	69 (32.7)	0.986 (0.470–2.067)	1.371 (0.448–4.197)
Third trimester	51 (59.3)	70 (33.2)	2.914 (1.552–5.472)*	2.739 (1.048–7.158)**	0.040
Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy
Yes	25 (18.7)	26 (9.7)	2.135 (1.179–3.866)*	1.468 (0.437–4.197)
No	109 (81.3)	242 (90.3)	1	1
Premature rupture of membranes (PROM)
Yes	13 (9.7)	12 (4.5)	2.292 (1.016–5.172)*	2.851 (0.369–22.022)
No	121 (90.3)	256 (95.5)	1	1
Mode of admission
Nonreferral	38 (28.4)	162 (60.4)	1	1
Referral	96 (71.6)	106 (39.6)	3.861 (2.466–6.046)*	3.215 (1.430–7.229)**	0.005
Partograph used
Yes	31 (23.1)	92 (34.3)	1	1
No	103 (76.9)	176 (65.7)	1.737 (1.081–2.790)*	1.301 (0.533–3.171)
Meconium stained amniotic fluid (AF)
Yes	49 (36.6)	29 (10.8)	4.751 (2.820–8.004)*	2.670 (1.082–6.592)**	0.033
No	85 (63.4)	239 (89.2)	1	1
Obstructed labor
Yes	22 (16.5)	25 (9.3)	1.909 (1.032–3.532)*	0.415 (0.107–1.608)
No	112 (83.6)	243 (90.7)	1	1
Duration of labor
<24 h	78 (58.2)	204 (76.1)	1	1
≥24 h	56 (41.8)	64 (23.9)	2.288 (1.469–3.566)*	3.169 (1.241–8.091)**	0.016
Mode of delivery
Vaginal	78 (58.2)	122 (45.5)	1	1
Cesarean section	31 (23.1)	101 (37.7)	0.480 (0.293–0.786)*	0.323 (0.120–0.871)**	0.026
Assisted	25 (18.7)	45 (16.8)	0.869 (0.494–1.530)	0.802 (0.295–2.176)
Birth weight
2500–4000 g	62 (46.3)	189 (70.5)	1	1
<2500 m	53 (39.6)	44 (16.4)	3.672 (2.245–6.006)*	3.155 (1.235–8.057)**	0.016
>4000 g	19 (14.2)	35 (13.1)	1.665 (883–3.101)	2.02 (0.663–6.042)

Notes: *AOR significant at P-value <0.05, **COR significant at P-value <0.25.