Depression in Ugandan Rural Women Involved in a Money Saving Group: The Role of Spouse’s Unemployment, Extramarital Relationship, and Substance Use

Figures & data

Table 1 The Association Between Participants’ Variables and Depression

Variables	Total; n (%)	Normal; n (%)	Depression; n (%)	t/χ^2 (p-value)
Age (µ, SD)^a	33.3 (6.7)	31.6 (6.1)	34.3 (6.9)	−2.34 (0.021)
Education
None	30 (19.6)	10 (18.9)	20 (20.0)	1.96 (0.581)
Primary	73 (47.7)	22 (41.5)	51 (51.0)
Secondary	42 (27.5)	18 (34.0)	24 (24.0)
Tertiary	8 (5.2)	3 (5.7)	5 (5.0)
Employment
Unemployment	93 (60.8)	23 (43.4)	70 (70.0)	10.29 (0.001)
Employed	60 (39.2)	30 (56.6)	30 (30.0)
Number of children (µ, SD) ^a	4.1 (2.2)	3.1 (1.7)	4.6 (2.2)	−4.36 (<0.001)
Substance use
Yes	38 (24.8)	5 (9.4)	33 (33.0)	10.31 (0.001)
No	115 (75.2)	48 (90.6)	67 (67.0)
History of mental illness
Yes	9 (5.9)	1 (1.9)	8 (8.0)	2.34 (0.126)
No	144 (94.1)	52 (98.1)	92 (92.0)
Participants’ monthly income
Below 50,000	64 (41.8)	18 (34.0)	46 (46.0)	2.09 (0.351)
50,000–200,000	72 (47.1)	28 (52.8)	44 (44.0)
Above 200,000	17 (11.1)	7 (13.2)	10 (10.0)

Note: ^at-test.

Table 2 The Association Between Spouse Characteristics as Reported by the Participants

Variables	Total; n (%)	Normal; n (%)	Depression; n (%)	t/χ^2 (p-value)
Age (µ, SD) ^a	43.4 (9.5)	40.6 (8.2)	44.9 (9.9)	−2.66 (0.009)
Education
None	23 (15.0)	7 (13.2)	16 (16.0)	7.05 (0.070)
Primary	46 (30.1)	23 (43.4)	23 (23.0)
Secondary	71 (46.4)	20 (20.7)	51 (51.0)
Tertiary	13 (8.5)	3 (5.7)	10 (10.0)
Employment
Unemployment	63 (41.2)	14 (26.4)	49 (49.0)	7.29 (0.007)
Employed	90 (58.8)	39 (73.6)	51 (51.0)
Substance use
Yes	85 (55.6)	10 (18.9)	75 (75.0)	44.20 (<0.001)
No	68 (44.4)	43 (81.1)	25 (25.0)
History of mental illness
Yes	20 (13.1)	4 (7.5)	16 (16.0)	2.18 (0.140)
No	133 (86.9)	49 (92.5)	84 (84.0)
Spouse extramarital relationship
Yes	76 (49.7)	5 (9.4)	71 (71.0)	52.52 (<0.001)
No	77 (50.3)	48 (90.6)	29 (29.0)

Note: ^at-test.

Table 3 Logistic Analysis for Factors Associated with Depression Among Married Women

Variable	Bivariable Logistic Regression		Multivariable Logistic Regression
	Crude’s Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)	p-value	Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)	p-value
Participants’ Characteristics
Age	1.06 (1.00–1.11)	0.02	1.01 (0.94–1.10)	0.694
Employment
Unemployed	(Reference)		(Reference)
Employed	0.33 (0.16–0.66)	0.01	0.83 (0.29–2.38)	0.724
Number of children	1.47 (1.21–1.79)	<0.001	1.03 (0.79–1.34)	0.827
Substance
No	(Reference)		(Reference)
Yes	4.73 (1.72–12.99)	0.01	0.76 (0.19–2.98)	0.690
Characteristics of the Participants’ Spouse
Age	1.05 (1.01–1.09)	0.01	-	-
Employment
Unemployed	(Reference)		(Reference)
Employed	0.37 (0.18–0.77)	0.01	0.68 (0.22–2.05)	0.489
Substance use
No	(Reference)		(Reference)
Yes	12.90 (5.66–29.40)	<0.001	8.15 (2.83–23.44)	<0.001
Extramarital relationship
No	(Reference)		(Reference)
Yes	23.5 (8.50–65.00)	<0.001	16.69 (4.85–57.39)	<0.001