Animal models of Parkinson's disease and their applications

Figures & data

Table 1 The applications of PD animal models by bioactive components and herbal medicines

Bioactive component/herbal medicine	Toxic model	Behavioral function	Biochemical analysis	Application for the model	Reference
Mucuna pruriens (seed)	Intrastriatal 6-OHDA-lesioned rat	Rotational behavior	None	Test symptomatic therapy	92
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (ethanol extract)	Unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rat	Rotational behavior	TH-immunohistochemistry Dopamine levels	Test symptomatic therapy	93
	MPTP-lesioned mouse (C57BL/6)	Elevated plus-maze test Marble burying test	Dopamine and serotonin levels TH-immunohistochemistry	Test affective disorders	111
Gypenosides (G. pentaphyllum)	MPTP-lesioned mouse (C57BL/6)	Pole test Rotarod test	TH-immunohistochemistry ΔDopamine and its metabolite levels Glutathione levels SOD activity	Test symptomatic therapy	106
	MPTP-lesioned mouse (C57BL/6)	Elevated plus-maze test Marble burying test	Dopamine and serotonin levels TH-immunohistochemistry	Test affective disorders	111
	Unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rat	Body AIMs score Contralateral rotational behavior	ΔFosB expression ERK1/2 phosphorylation	Test L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia	117
Curcumin, naringenin (green tea)	Unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rat	None	TH-positive cells Dopamine levels	Test symptomatic therapy	94
Epigallocatechin derivatives (green tea)	Unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rat	None	ROS and NO levels Lipid peroxidation NO synthase	Test symptomatic therapy	95
Bilobalide (Ginkgo biloba)	Unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rat	Locomotor activity Rotational behavior	TH-positive cells NF-κB p65 expression	Test symptomatic therapy	96
G. biloba (acetone-water extract)	MPTP-lesioned mouse (C57)	None	Dopamine levels MAO activity	Test symptomatic therapy	97
Kavain (Piper methysticum)	MPTP-lesioned mouse (C57BL/6)	None	TH-immunocytochemistry Dopamine and its metabolite levels	Test symptomatic therapy	98
Ginsenoside Rg1	MPTP-lesioned mouse (C57BL)	None	TH-immunohistochemistry NO synthase Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and Bax levels Caspase-3 levels	Test symptomatic therapy	99
Echinacoside (Cistanches salsa)	MPTP-lesioned mouse (C57BL/6)	Locomotion test	TH expression Dopamine and its metabolite levels Caspase-3 and -8 levels	Test symptomatic therapy	100
Celastrol (Celastraceae family)	MPTP-lesioned mouse 3-Nitropropionic acid-lesioned rat	None	Dopaminergic neurons Dopamine depletion Heat shock protein levels TNF-α and NF-κB expression	Test symptomatic therapy	101
Paeoniflorin (Paeoniae alba)	MPTP-lesioned mouse (C57BL/6)	Pole test	TH-positive cells	Test symptomatic therapy	102
			Microglial and astrocytic activation Adenosine A1 receptor activation MPP^+ assay	Test neuro-inflammation
Resveratrol	MPTP-lesioned mouse (Balb/c)	Motor coordination impairment	Hydroxy radical levels	Test symptomatic therapy	103
	MPTP-lesioned mouse (C57BL/6)	None	Dopamine depletion TH-immunopositive cells	Test symptomatic therapy	104
Baicalein (Scutellaria baicalensis)	MPTP-lesioned mouse (C57BL/6)	Spontaneous motor activity Pole test	Dopamine and serotonin levels	Test symptomatic therapy	105
Acanthopanax senticosus (ethanol extract)	MPTP-lesioned rat	Pole test	TH-positive cells	Test symptomatic therapy	110
		Catalepsy test (bradykinesia and depressive behavior)		Test PD catalepsy
Sesamin (A. senticosus)	Rotenone-lesioned rat	Pole test Catalepsy test	TH-positive cells GDNF-positive cells	Test symptomatic therapy	107
Withania somnifera (root powder)	MPTP-lesioned mouse (Albino)	Rotarod test	TBARS levels	Test symptomatic therapy	108
		Hang test Stride length measurement	SOD and catalase activities	Test chronic stress-induced pathology
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea)	Rotenone-lesioned rat	None	Striatal calcium levels Dopamine metabolite levels Complex I activity	Test symptomatic therapy	109
Amantadine	PD patients (clinical trials)	Total dyskinesia score	None	Test L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia	112
Nabilone (Cannabinoid receptor agonist)	PD patients (clinical trials)	Total dyskinesia score	GABA reuptake GABA transmission	Test L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia	113
Aripiprazole	PD patients (clinical trials)	Trunk measurement (AIMs score)	None	Test L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia	114
Endocannabinoids	MPTP-induced cynomolgus monkey	Total dyskinesia score (movement range, posture, bradykinesia)	None	Test PD generation	115
		Locomotor and motor function tests		Test L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia
Stepholidine	6-OHDA-lesioned rat	AIMs score Locomotive score Contralateral rotational behavior	5-HT1A mRNA levels	Test L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia	116
Lycopene	Rotenone-lesioned rat	Cognitive decline	Glutathione levels SOD and catalase activities NADH and AChE activities	Test PD-induced cognitive disorders	118

Abbreviations: 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; AIMs, abnormal involuntary movements; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; GDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases; L-DOPA, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; MAO, monoamine oxidase; MPP+, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; mRNA, messenger RNA; NF-κB, nuclear transcription factor-κB; NADH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NO, nitric oxide; PD, Parkinson’s disease; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.