Figures & data
Figure 1 A schematic illustration of neurotrophic and neuroprotective mechanisms targeted by lithium.
Abbreviations: ↓, decrease; ↑, increase; AC, adenylyl cyclase; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; Akt, protein kinase B; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AP-1, activator protein-1; BBB, blood–brain barrier; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; CREB, cAMP-responsive element-binding protein; DAG, diacylglycerol; ERK, extracellular-regulated kinase; GDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; GSK-3, glycogen synthase kinase-3; HD, Huntington’s disease; HSF, heat shock factor; Hsp70, heat shock protein 70; IMP, inositol monophosphatase; IP3, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate; MAP, mitogen-activated protein; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells; NGF, nerve growth factor; NMDAR, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; PKA, protein kinase A; PKC, protein kinase C; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
