Self-stigma in borderline personality disorder – cross-sectional comparison with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorders

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and clinical data of the patients

Categories	All	BPD	SCH	MDD	BAD	AD	Statistics (comparison diagnoses)
Number (%)	184 (100)	35 (19.0)	49 (26.6)	33 (17.9)	30 (16.3)	37 (20.1)
Age (year) (mean ± SD)	38.29±12.02	29.97±9.64	37.49±10.54	45.52±11.31	39.77±11.91	39.57±12.29	One-way ANOVA: F=8.698, df=183; P<0.0001
Sex (n)
Males	83	7	32	18	12	14	Chi-square test; P<0.001
Females	101	28	17	15	18	23
Employment (n)
Yes	84	8	18	18	16	23	Chi-square test; P<0.01
No	100	27	31	15	14	14
Marital status (n)
Single	90	23	33	9	12	13	Chi-square test; P<0.005
Married	63	5	8	19	13	18
Divorced	27	6	7	5	3	6
Widowed	4	1	1	0	2	0
Living with partner (n)
Yes	85	16	12	21	18	28	Chi-square test; P<0.0001
No	95	39	37	12	12	9
Rent (n)
No rent	103	26	19	18	14	26	Chi-square test; P<0.0001
Partial disability rent	40	3	23	5	5	4
Full disability rent	30	6	7	6	7	4
Old-age pension	11	0	0	4	4	3
Education (n)
Basic	23	11	6	1	1	4	Chi-square test; P<0.0001
Lower educational training	41	4	9	14	2	12
Secondary	72	16	22	9	10	15
University	48	4	12	9	17	6
Years of education (mean ± SD)	13.58±2.91	12.20±2.75	13.55±2.85	13.82±2.70	15.63±2.85	13.05±2.51	Kruskal–Wallis test: 21.18; P<0.001
Onset of the disorder (mean ± SD)	29.46±12.07	19.03±5.98	26.04±9.66	35.67±13.83	28.50±11.02	33.03±11.70	One-way ANOVA: F=12.97, df=183; P<0.0001
Number of hospitalizations (mean ± SD)	3.13±3.21	5.67±4.72	3.10±2.44	1.81±2.40	4.93±3.58	0.73±0.93	Kruskal–Wallis test: 58.64; P<0.001
ISMI total score (mean ± SD)	63.51±14.57	71.15±14.74	63.20±13.27	64.09±12.20	62.00±14.21	57.62±15.85	One-way ANOVA: F=4.225, df=183; P<0.005
Alienation (mean ± SD)	13.58±4.30	16.91±4.31	12.76±3.92	13.27±3.05	12.80±4.12	12.51±4.54	One-way ANOVA: F=7.316, df=183; P<0.0001
Stereotype endorsement (mean ± SD)	13.65±3.52	14.46±3.81	13.76±3.30	14.09±3.36	13.27±3.48	12.65±3.62	One-way ANOVA: F=1.449, df=183; n.s.
Discrimination experience (mean ± SD)	10.27±3.45	11.88±3.37	10.55±3.81	9.78±2.69	9.93±2.75	9.14±3.70	One-way ANOVA: F=3.334, df=183; P<0.05
Social withdrawal (mean ± SD)	13.11±4.03	15.12±3.99	12.84±3.92	13.21±3.23	12.80±4.15	11.78±4.27	One-way ANOVA: F=3.379, df=183; P<0.05
Stigma resistance (mean ± SD)	12.64±2.88	11.35±2.88	13.31±2.69	13.73±2.45	13.20±2.88	11.54±2.83	One-way ANOVA: F=5.674, df=183; P<0.0005
CGI-O (mean ± SD)	3.16±1.60	4.57±1.50	3.04±1.47	3.27±1.44	2.50±1.33	2.41±1.32	Kruskal–Wallis test: 40.41; P<0.0001
CGI-S (mean ± SD)	3.31±1.71	4.29±1.43	2.74±1.79	3.73±1.74	2.73±1.55	3.24±1.50	Kruskal–Wallis test: 24.38; P<0.0001

Abbreviations: AD, anxiety disorder; ANOVA, analysis of variance; BAD, bipolar affective disorder; BPD, borderline personality disorder; CGI-O, clinical global impression – objective; CGI-S, clinical global impression – subjective; df, degrees of freedom; ISMI, internalized stigma of mental illness scale; MDD, major depressive disorder; SCH, schizophrenia spectrum disorder.

Table 2 Relationship between ISMI and demographic factors

Demographic factors	Correlation or comparison of the ISMI total score	Statistics
Age (year)	Pearson r=−0.05171	n.s.
Age of the disorder onset	Spearman r=−0.1701	P<0.05
Number of hospitalizations	Spearman r=0.2399	P<0.005
Years of education	Spearman r=−0.1625	P<0.05
CGI-O	Spearman r=0.4216	P<0.001
CGI-S	Spearman r=0.4687	P<0.001
Antidepressant index	Spearman r=0.2105	P<0.05
Antipsychotics index	Spearman r=−0.1059	n.s.
Anxiolytics index	Spearman r=0.0804	n.s.
Sex (mean ± SD)
Males	62.42±14.01	Unpaired t-test: t=0.8576, df=181; n.s.
Females	64.35±15.02
Employment (mean ± SD)
Yes	58.69±13.79	Unpaired t-test: t=4.272, df=181; P<0.0001
No	67.52±14.04
Marital status (mean ± SD)
Single	64.71±14.18	One-way ANOVA: F=1.461, df=182; n.s.
Married	61.02±15.07
Divorced	63.93±14.67
Widowed	73.50±10.85
Partner (mean ± SD)
Yes	60.20±14.06	Unpaired t-test: t=3.281, df=181; P<0.005
No	67.09±14.34
Benefits (mean ± SD)
No rent	61.07±15.18	One-way ANOVA: F=2.412, df=182; n.s.
Partial disability rent	66.70±14.21
Full disability rent	67.53±12.12
Old-age pension	63.64±13.10
Education (mean ± SD)
Basic school	68.59±16.34	One-way ANOVA: F=1.962, df=182; n.s.
Lower vocational training	64.00±11.64
High school	64.10±14.52
University	59.90±15.58

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; CGI-O, clinical global impression – objective; CGI-S, clinical global impression – subjective; df, degrees of freedom; ISMI, internalized stigma of mental illness scale; n.s, not significant.

Table 3 Multiple regression analysis with self-stigma as the dependent variable

Regressor	B	SE	β	t	P-value
CGI-S	2.960	0.671	0.345	4.411	<0.001
Partnership	−5.444	1.853	−0.187	−2.938	<0.005
Number of hospitalizations	0.731	0.296	0.161	2.469	<0.05
CGI-O	1.478	0.746	0.160	1.981	<0.05

Note: Adjusted r²=0.289.

Abbreviations: B, unstandardized coefficients B; β, standardized coefficients beta; CGI-O, clinical global impression – objective; CGI-S, clinical global impression – subjective; SE, standard error.