Low level of knowledge regarding diagnosis and treatment among inpatients with schizophrenia in Shanghai

Figures & data

Table 1 Questionnaire

Question
Q1: Do you know the name of your illness diagnosis?
Q2: Do you know what treatment you are getting?
Q3: Have you participated in your treatment plan decisions?
Q4: Do you think you can make clear decisions during your illness?
Q5: Do you think you should be told about your illness diagnosis and treatment plan?
Q6: Do you think you can refuse treatment?

Table 2 Basic demographic characteristics of patients (n=109)

Variables	n (%)	X ± SD	Diagnosis		Treatment
			Statistic	p-value	Statistic	p-value
Sex			χ^2=0.560	0.557	χ^2=1.042	0.318
Male	53 (48.6)
Female	56 (51.4)
Age		42.46±1.29	F=0.919	0.340	F=3.623	0.06
Education (years)		12.67±0.2	F=0.172	0.679	F=0.345	0.558
Education (level)			χ^2=0.624	0.732	χ^2=9.142	0.01*
Middle school	28 (25.7)
High school	43 (39.5)
(Above) college	38 (34.8)
Marital status			χ^2=3.006	0.391	χ^2=1.714	0.634
Single	61 (56.0)
Married/cohabiting	23 (21.1)
Divorced/separated	22 (20.1)
Widowed	3 (2.8)
Employment			χ^2=0.02	1.000	χ^2=0.275	0.671
Employed	37 (33.9)
Retired	26 (23.9)
Unemployed	46 (42.2)
Premorbid character			χ^2=0.40	0.816	χ^2=2.092	0.351
Introverted	82 (75.2)
Outgoing	13 (11.9)
Neutral	14 (12.8)
Income			χ^2=1.23	0.304	χ^2=1.271	0.282
High	18 (16.5)
Middle	62 (56.9)
Low	29 (26.6)
Residence			χ^2=5.49	0.026*	χ^2=4.405	0.043*
City	88 (80.7)
Country	21 (19.3)
Social function (past year)			χ^2=0.88	0.829	χ^2=9.811	0.02*
Normal	2 (1.8)
Mild disorder	25 (22.9)
Moderate disorder	40 (36.7)
Marked disorder	42 (38.5)
Admission type			χ^2=4.1	0.079	χ^2=0.76	0.661
Voluntary	6 (5.5)
Involuntary	103 (94.5)
CGI-S		3.77±0.99	F=4.72	0.032*	F=4.537	0.035*

Note:

* p<0.05.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; CGI-S, Clinical Global Impressions-Severity scale.

Table 3 Knowledge of illness and participation in treatment (patient vs family)

Variables	Patient (n=109)	Family (n=109)	χ^2	p-value
Diagnosis			27.147	<0.001*
Yes	60.6%	90.8%
No	39.4%	9.2%
Treatment			7.976	0.005*
Yes	67.0%	83.5%
No	33.0%	16.5%
Participation in treatment plan			28.376	<0.001*
Yes	25.7%	61.5%
No	74.3%	38.5%

Note:

* p<0.01.

Table 4 Knowledge of illness and participation in treatment (patient vs psychiatrist)

Variables	Patient (n=109)	Psychiatrist (n=109)	χ^2	p-value	κ	p-value
Diagnosis			1.626	0.257	0.462	<0.000*
Yes	60.6%	68.8%
No	39.4%	31.2%
Treatment			1.074	0.374	0.193	0.042*
Yes	67.0%	73.4%
No	33.0%	26.6%
Participate in treatment			25.67	0.000**	0.077	0.304
Yes	25.7%	59.6%
No	74.3%	40.4%

Note:

* p<0.05,

** p<0.01.

Table 5 Patients’ knowledge of their illness in subgroups (informed consent capacity impaired/unimpaired; n=109)

Variables	Impaired	Unimpaired	χ^2	p-value
Diagnosis			11.591	0.001*
Yes	36.4%	71.1%
No	63.6%	28.9%
Treatment plan			9.907	0.003*
Yes	45.5%	76.3%
No	54.5%	23.7%
Participation in treatment			0.052	1.000
Yes	24.2%	26.3%
No	75.8%	73.7%

Note:

* p<0.01.

Table 6 The relationship between independent variables and patients’ capacity for informed consent to treatment (n=109)

Variables	Knowledge of illness diagnosis	p-value	Knowledge of treatment plan	p-value	Participation in treatment options	p-value
	OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)
Education level	0.956 (0.574, 1.591)	0.862	1.014 (0.592, 1.738)	0.959	1.175 (0.642, 2.151)	0.601
Residence	0.374 (0.121, 1.156)	0.088	0.477 (0.145, 1.573)	0.224	1.147 (0.295, 4.464)	0.843
Social function (past year)	1.157 (0.650, 2.258)	0.620	0.508 (0.261, 0.987)	0.046*	3.454 (1.522, 7.837)	0.003**
CGI-S scores	0.730 (0.443, 1.202)	0.216	0.858 (0.507, 1.452)	0.568	0.305 (0.148, 0.631)	0.001**
Patients’ capacity for informed consent to treatment	3.230 (1.250, 8.343)	0.015*	4.962 (1.759, 14.002)	0.002**	0.813 (0.259, 2.551)	0.723

Note:

* p<0.05,

** p<0.01.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CGI-S, Clinical Global Impressions-Severity scale.