Risk taking behaviors in relation to Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Iranian male workers: a latent class analysis

Figures & data

Table 1 Risk taking behaviors by ‘ADHD’ in a sample of Iranian workers

Items	Total n (%)	ADHD		P-value
		yes n (%)	no n (%)
General risk taking behaviors (life time)
Yes	505 (20.7)	75 (40.3)	428 (19.3)	<0.001
No	1912 (78.6)	111 (59.7)	1787 (80.7)
Experience of self- injury (life time)
Yes	58 (2.4)	18 (9.7)	39 (1.8)	<0.001
No	2360 (97.0)	168 (90.3)	2177 (98.2)
Cigarette smoking (last year)
Yes	501 (20.6)	61 (32.6)	438 (19.6)	<0.001
No	1933 (79.4)	126 (67.4)	1793 (80.4)
Hookah smoking (last year)
Yes	626 (25.7)	93 (49.7)	528 (23.7)	<0.001
No	1808 (74.3)	94 (50.3)	1703 (76.3)
Alcohol use (last year)
Yes	244 (10.0)	50 (26.7)	190 (8.5)	<0.001
No	2190 (90.0)	137 (73.3)	2041 (91.5)
Illicit drug use (life time)
Yes	147 (6.0)	32 (17.1)	114 (5.1)	<0.001
No	2287 (94.0)	155 (82.9)	2117 (94.9)
Sexual risk behavior (last year)
Yes	77 (3.2)	23 (12.3)	54 (2.4)	<0.001
No	2357 (96.8)	164 (87.7)	2177 (97.6)

Table 2 Comparison of LCA models with different latent classesbased on model selection statistics

Number of latent class	Number of parameters estimated	G^2	df	AIC	BIC	Entropy	Maximum log-likelihood
1	7	1398.51	120	1412.51	1453.09	1.00	−5826.83
2	15	184.40	112	214.40	301.36	0.76	−5219.77
3	23	118.69	104	164.69	298.03	0.67	−5186.92
4	31	90.82	96	152.82	332.54	0.73	−5172.99
5	39	71.50	88	149.50	375.59	0.71	−5163.32
6	47	60.88	80	154.88	427.35	0.74	−5158.02
7	55	52.92	72	162.92	481.77	0.75	−5154.04
8	63	46.97	64	172.97	538.20	0.78	−5151.06

Abbreviations: LCA, latent class analysis; AIC, Akaike information criterion; BIC, Bayesian information criterion.

Table 3 The four latent classes model of risk taking behaviors among Iranian workers

	Latent class
	Very low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk	High risk
Latent class prevalence	0.656	0.278	0.041	0.025
Item-response probabilities
General risk taking behaviors	0.090	0.378	0.592	0.810
Experience of self- injury	0.004	0.017	0.022	0.638
Cigarette smoking	0.071	0.400	0.711	0.736
Hookah smoking	0.060	0.574	0.962	0.767
Alcohol use	0.001	0.162	0.908	0.678
Illicit drug use	0.000	0.145	0.121	0.596
Sexual risk behavior	0.007	0.032	0.295	0.241

Notes: The probability of a “No” response can be calculated by subtracting the item-response probabilities shown above from 1. *Item-response probabilities >0.5 in bold to facilitate interpretation.

Table 4 Predictors of membership in latent classes of risk taking behaviors among workers

Predictors	Very low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk	High risk	P-value
	OR(95% CI)	OR(95% CI)	OR(95% CI)	OR(95% CI)
Age (year)	Reference	1.06 (1.04–1.07)	0.94 (0.90–0.97)	1.07 (1.04–1.11)	0.019
Marital status (married/single)	Reference	1.44 (1.07–1.94)	0.45 (0.30–0.69)	0.40 (0.24–0.68)	0.017
Education (academic/nonacademic)	Reference	0.70 (0.55–0.89)	0.99 (0.70–1.40)	0.59 (0.36–0.98)	0.001
ADHD	Reference	1.37 (0.93–2.02)	3.42 (2.21–5.29)	3.10 (1.80–5.34)	<0.001
Religiosity	Reference	0.97 (0.92–1.01)	0.80 (0.75–0.84)	0.71 (0.67–0.75)	<0.001
Anxiety (yes/no)	Reference	1.28 (1.02–1.62)	2.15 (1.51–3.10)	2.06 (1.32–3.22)	0.001
Self-esteem (low/normal)	Reference	1.51 (1.03–2.21)	1.17 (0.64–2.12)	1.58 (0.82–3.01)	0.537