Prevalence and Influence Factors for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Long-Term Hospitalized Patients with Schizophrenia: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of the Baseline Characteristics Between the NAFLD and Non-NAFLD Groups

	NAFLD Group (n = 170)	Non-NAFLD Group (n = 140)	χ^²/t/z	P
Sex			0.70	0.404
Female	76 (44.71%)	56 (40%)
Male	94 (55.29%)	84 (60%)
Marital status			3.65	0.161
Married	73 (42.94%)	75 (44.12%)
Unmarried	46 (27.06%)	33 (19.41%)
Divorced	51 (30%)	32 (22.86%)
Hypertension			7.86	0.005
Yes	42 (24.71%)	17 (12.14%)
No	128 (75.29%)	123 (87.86%)
Diabetes			13.46	<0.001
Yes	36 (21.18%)	9 (6.43%)
No	134 (78.82%)	131 (93.57%)
APP			5.35	0.021
Yes	113 (66.47%)	75 (53.57%)
No	57 (33.53%)	65 (46.43%)
Age (years)	48.36 ± 11.67	47.81 ± 13.30	0.39	0.695
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.95 ± 3.61	22.13 ± 3.22	12.28	<0.001
Duration of SCZ (years)	21.54 ± 9.98	20.94 ± 11.62	0.48	0.630
Years of education (years)	8.75 ± 3.71	8.81 ± 3.42	−0.15	0.881
BPRS score	28.14 ± 9.90	28.69 ± 10.48	−0.48	0.631
Affinity	5.45 ± 2.16	5.61 ± 2.31	−0.61	0.317
Negative symptoms	8.39 ± 3.65	8.41 ± 3.50	−0.05	0.516
Positive symptoms	5.82 ± 2.44	6.07 ± 2.95	−0.83	0.418
Activation	4.42 ± 1.80	4.33 ± 1.87	0.45	0.692
Resistance	4.05 ± 2.08	4.27 ± 1.87	−0.99	0.750
Drug doses (CPZ, mg/d)	539.68 ± 285.04	532.16 ± 277.54	0.23	0.815
ALT (U/L)	18 (10.75, 29)	11 (8, 16)	5.65	<0.001
AST (U/L)	16 (13, 23)	15 (12, 19)	3.20	0.001
ALP (U/L)	73.65 ± 23.89	74.86 ± 21.15	−0.47	0.640
GGT (U/L)	20 (14, 35)	15 (11, 21)	4.51	<0.001
TC (mmol/L)	4.23 (3.64, 4.87)	3.93 (3.36, 4.56)	3.18	0.001
HDL (mmol/L)	1.14 ± 0.25	1.22 ± 0.33	−2.45	0.015
TG (mmol/L)	1.49 (1.10, 2.20)	1.05 (0.73, 1.39)	6.01	<0.001
ApoA1 (g/L)	1.16 ± 0.24	1.19 ± 0.24	−1.04	0.300
ApoB (g/L)	0.80 (0.68, 0.94)	0.66 (0.54, 0.82)	6.264	<0.001
Creatinine (μmol/L)	65.84 ± 13.78	65.73 ± 12.38	0.08	0.940
UA (μmol/L)	349.37 ± 92.38	299.36 ± 65.18	5.39	<0.001
Blood glucose (mmol/L)	4.89 (4.49, 5.29)	4.61 (4.36, 5.08)	3.54	<0.001
NLR	1.60 (1.28, 2.18)	1.76 (1.34, 2.38)	−1.64	0.101
MLR	0.19 ± 0.08	0.21 ± 0.08	−1.54	0.124
PLR	110.28 ± 39.78	122.05 ± 46.91	−2.39	0.017

Note: Statistically significant P−values are shown in bold.

Abbreviations: NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; APP, antipsychotic polypharmacy; BMI, body mass index; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; UA, uric acid; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; MLR, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; SCZ, schizophrenia.

Table 2 Correlation Between the Variables and NAFLD in Patients with SCZ

Variables	n	r	P	95% CI
Sex	310	0.047	0.404	0.524−1.298
Marital status	310	0.108	0.161	−0.013−0.207
Hypertension	310	0.159	0.005	1.283−4.393
Diabetes	310	0.208	<0.001	1.812−8.438
APP	310	0.131	0.021	1.084−2.722
Age	310	0.001	0.989	−0.103−0.108
BMI	310	0.596	<0.001	0.506−0.667
Duration of SCZ	310	0.038	0.507	−0.073−0.163
Years of education	310	−0.031	0.586	−0.142−0.081
BPRS score	310	−0.034	0.547	−0.148−0.081
Affinity	310	−0.041	0.477	−0.160−0.080
Negative symptoms	310	−0.016	0.784	−0.074−0.169
Positive symptoms	310	−0.025	0.655	−0.136−0.097
Activation	310	0.032	0.569	−0.081−0.147
Resistance	310	−0.069	0.226	−0.180−0.056
Drug doses	310	−0.014	0.807	−0.133−0.107
ALT	310	0.321	<0.001	0.0.223−0.417
AST	310	0.182	0.001	0.065−0.285
ALP	310	−0.060	0.291	−0.166−0.059
GGT	310	0.256	<0.001	0.152−0.365
TC	310	0.181	0.001	0.067−0.295
HDL	310	−0.110	0.053	−0.215−-0.014
TG	310	0.342	<0.001	0.227−0.447
ApoA1	310	−0.057	0.317	−0.174−0.055
ApoB	310	0.356	<0.001	0.247−0.449
Creatinine	310	0.006	0.915	−0.088−0.112
UA	310	0.286	<0.001	0.177−0.390
Blood glucose	310	0.201	<0.001	0.101−0.318
NLR	310	−0.093	0.101	−0.209−0.020
MLR	310	−0.101	0.077	−0.206−0.014
PLR	310	−0.119	0.036	−0.234−-0.001

Notes: Value of Cramer’s V was used to evaluate the correlations between categorical variables and NAFLD; Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the correlations between continuous variables and NAFLD; Statistically significant P−values are shown in bold.

Abbreviations: APP, antipsychotic polypharmacy; BMI, body mass index; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; UA, uric acid; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; MLR, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; SCZ, schizophrenia; CI, confidence interval.

Table 3 Influence Factors for NAFLD in Patients with SCZ

Variables	Univariate Logistic Regression			Multivariate Logistic Regression
	OR	95% CI	P	OR	95% CI	P
Male Sex	0.825	0.524−1.298	0.405
Married	1.432	0.825−2.485	0.202
Divorced	1.368	0.813−2.303	0.238
Hypertension	2.374	1.283−4.393	0.006	1.273	0.555−2.919	0.569
Diabetes	3.910	1.812−8.438	0.001	4.291	1.380−13.342	0.012
APP	1.718	1.084−2.722	0.021	2.261	1.11−4.400	0.016
Age	1.004	0.986−1.022	0.694
BMI	1.536	1.389−1.698	<0.001	1.456	1.299−1.634	<0.001
Duration of SCZ	1.005	0.984−1.026	0.628
Years of education	0.995	0.935−1.060	0.880
BPRS score	0.995	0.973−1.017	0.630
Affinity	0.969	0.876−1.072	0.544
Negative symptoms	0.998	0.938−1.063	0.961
Positive symptoms	0.965	0.888−1.049	0.407
Activation	1.029	0.910−1.163	0.649
Resistance	0.945	0.844−1.058	0.323
Drug doses	1.000	0.999−1.001	0.815
ALT	1.072	1.045−1.100	<0.001	1.063	1.007−1.122	0.027
AST	1.074	1.034−1.115	<0.001	0.984	0.906−1.069	0.709
ALP	0.998	0.988−1.008	0.639
GGT	1.027	1.012−1.042	<0.001	0.998	0.980−1.017	0.833
TC	1.535	1.178−2.000	0.001	1.123	0.675−1.866	0.655
HDL	0.364	0.158−0.837	0.017	1.404	0.373−5.279	0.615
TG	1.639	1.214−2.213	0.001	0.928	0.669−1.288	0.657
ApoA1	0.606	0.236−1.560	0.299
ApoB	55.120	14.321−212.148	<0.001	13.134	1.115−154.728	0.041
Creatinine	1.001	0.984−1.018	0.939
UA	1.008	1.005−1.011	<0.001	1.004	0.999−1.009	0.114
Blood glucose	1.477	1.099−1.985	0.010	1.001	0.681−1.471	0.998
NLR	0.778	0.603−1.005	0.054
MLR	0.108	0.006−1.895	0.128
PLR	0.994	0.988−0.999	0.019	0.931	0.692−1.253	0.638

Note: Statistically significant P−values are shown in bold.

Abbreviations: APP, antipsychotic polypharmacy; BMI, body mass index; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; UA, uric acid; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; MLR, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SCZ, schizophrenia.