Latent class analysis on internet and smartphone addiction in college students

Figures & data

Table 1 Means and standard deviations of the variables between sexes

Variable	Mean (SD)		P-value	F
	Male (n=178)	Female (n=270)
Depression	15.58 (10.75)	19.58 (13.40)	0.001	11.127
Anxiety	41.60 (9.68)	45.69 (9.42)	<0.0001	19.780
Internet addiction	35.65 (11.72)	32.91 (10.58)	0.011	6.588
Smartphone addiction	59.65 (21.08)	74.67 (25.50)	<0.0001	42.408
Personality
Psychoticism	2.94 (2.57)	2.97 (1.49)	0.875	0.025
Extroversion	10.90 (4.20)	10.49 (3.81)	0.290	1.124
Neuroticism	12.19 (5.33)	15.53 (4.64)	<0.0001	49.527
Social desirability (Lie)	2.44 (1.31)	2.08 (1.24)	0.003	8.771

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Indicators of fit for models (log likelihood based) in male sample

Class	BIC	AIC	CAIC
1	2970.5638	2954.6549	2975.5638
2	2925.6651	2893.8473	2935.6651
3	2916.363	2868.6362	2931.363
4	2932.5235	2868.8878	2952.5235
5	2951.5571	2872.0125	2976.5571
6	2968.2831	2872.8296	2998.2831

Note: Boldface indicates values of selected model.

Abbreviations: AIC, Akaike information criterion; BIC, Bayesian information criterion; CAIC, consistent Akaike information criterion.

Table 3 Indicators of fit for models (log likelihood based) in female sample

Class	BIC	AIC	CAIC
1	4569.1972	4551.2051	4574.1972
2	4492.1404	4456.1562	4502.1404
3	4486.3599	4432.3836	4501.3599
4	4493.1058	4421.1374	4513.1058
5	4495.0191	4405.0586	4520.0191
6	4511.9313	4403.9786	4541.9313

Notes: Boldface indicates values of selected model.

Abbreviations: AIC, Akaike information criterion; BIC, Bayesian information criterion; CAIC, consistent Akaike information criterion.

Figure 1 Latent class model in male and female samples.

Table 4 Analysis of cross-class comparison between sexes

Variables	Male (n=178)						Female (n=270)
	Mean (SD)			P-value	F	Post hoc	Mean (SD)			P-value	F	Post hoc
	LC1	LC2	LC3				LC1	LC2	LC3
Smartphone addiction	41.34 (5.84)	59.39 (13.61)	84.39 (25.0)	0.000	80.95	1<2<3	54.41 (10.79)	83.49 (24.76)	84.48 (26.42)	0.000	52.29	1<2≒3
SAS sub-factor
Daily-life disturbancea	1.5 (0.6)	2.3 (1.0)	3.0 (0.9)	0.000	32.31	1<2<3	2.3 (0.8)	3.2 (1.1)	3.3 (1.2)	0.000	26.88	1<2≒3
Positive anticipationb	1.1 (0.2)	1.4 (0.4)	2.3 (1.0)	0.000	46.18	1<2<3	1.3 (0.4)	2.1 (1.0)	2.1 (0.9)	0.000	24.00	1<3≒2
Withdrawalc	1.2 (0.3)	1.7 (0.6)	2.7 (1.0)	0.000	48.35	1<2<3	1.5 (0.6)	2.6 (1.1)	2.6 (1.0)	0.000	40.05	1,3≒2
Cyber relationshipd	1.2 (0.4)	1.5 (0.5)	2.2 (0.7)	0.000	37.49	1<2<3	1.5 (0.5)	2.0 (0.7)	2.2 (1.0)	0.000	17.59	1<2≒3
Overusee	1.5 (0.6)	2.7 (0.9)	3.5 (1.2)	0.000	52.30	1<2<3	2.3 (0.8)	3.7 (1.2)	3.6 (1.2)	0.000	45.02	1<3≒2
Tolerancef	1.1 (0.2)	1.5 (0.7)	2.0 (0.8)	0.000	20.30	1<2<3	1.3 (0.5)	2.1 (1.0)	2.0 (1.0)	0.000	21.95	1<3≒2
Internet addiction	24.49 (2.73)	35.11 (6.83)	51.67 (11.31)	0.000	143.77	1<2<3	24.5 (2.4)	32.9 (6.2)	54.3 (9.4)	0.000	307.71	1<2<3
Level of depression	14.8 (9.7)	16.1 (113)	15.2 (10.7)	0.760	0.275		18.4 (12.7)	19.4 (13.3)	23.5 (15.3)	0.178	1.74
Level of anxiety	35.1 (7.0)	42.5 (9.4)	47.7 (8.7)	0.000	22.55	1<2<3	42.9 (9.0)	46.3 (9.3)	49.8 (9.4)	0.001	7.51	1<2≒3
Personality
Psychoticism	2.3 (1.9)	3.2 (3.1)	3.1 (1.6)	0.126	2.09		2.6 (1.2)	3.0 (1.4)	3.9 (2.1)	0.000	10.22	1<2<3
Extroversion	11.3 (3.9)	10.8 (4.2)	10.7 (4.7)	0.703	0.353		11.3 (3.4)	10.2 (3.9)	10.1 (4.3)	0.091	2.42
Neuroticism	8.3 (4.2)	13.0 (5.0)	15.1 (4.7)	0.000	24.13	1<2	14.0 (4.8)	16.0 (4.4)	17.3 (4.4)	0.000	8.38	1<2≒3
Social desirability (Lie)	3.0 (1.3)	2.3 (1.2)	2.0 (1.3)	0.001	7.82	2<1	2.4 (1.2)	2.0 (1.3)	1.7 (0.9)	0.004	5.70	3≒2<1

Notes: SAS sub-factors indicate six dimensions of smartphone-related problems.

a “Daily-life disturbance” includes interference with daily life (eg, missing work, physical pain, or problems);

b “positive anticipation” is positive feelings related to using a smartphone or negative feelings when not using a smartphone;

c “withdrawal” involves not coping with being without a smartphone, constantly using a smartphone, and becoming easily irritated when smartphone use is interfered with;

d “cyberspace-oriented relationship” is having more intimate relationships through smartphone than in real life;

e “overuse” refers to uncontrollable use of a smartphone and constantly feeling the urge to use a smartphone;

f “tolerance” is continuous failure to control smartphone use (ie, lack of willpower). Significant differences of Bonferroni multiple comparisons between latent classes (P<0.05) are denoted by the same class number in each row.

Abbreviations: LC, latent class; SAS, Smartphone Addiction Scale; SD, standard deviation