Social cognition and its relationship to functional outcomes in patients with sustained acquired brain injury

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants

Participant number	Age (years)	Sex	Education (years)	Cause of injury	PTA (days)	Time post-injury (months)	Injury type (CT or MRI scan)
1	22	M	9	Traffic accident	90	74	DAI
2	32	M	12	Fall	180	62	DAI
3	42	M	12	Traffic accident	40	276	DAI
4	19	M	12	Traffic accident	60	41	DAI
5	33	F	9	Traffic accident	90	180	DAI
6	32	M	12	Traffic accident	40	192	Bilateral orbito-medial frontal
7	33	M	12	Traffic accident	150	185	DAI
8	24	M	12	Traffic accident	180	62	DAI
9	29	M	12	Falling object	30	180	DAI
10	66	M	9	Fall	21	75	DAI
11	46	F	14	Traffic accident	0.25	41	Right prefrontal-temporal pole
12	43	F	16	Traffic accident	7	60	Bilateral orbitofrontal-frontal pole
13	42	F	15	Traffic accident	3	232	DAI
14	44	M	16	Traffic accident	180	38	Bilateral orbitofrontal left temporal pole
15	46	M	16	Traffic accident	40	195	DAI
16	64	F	15	Traffic accident	7	24	DAI
17	36	M	16	Traffic accident	30	19	Left frontal pole
18	28	M	13	Traffic accident	60	228	Right ventral prefrontal
19	23	M	9	Traffic accident	60	36	DAI
20	28	F	12	Traffic accident	5	139	DAI

Abbreviations: PTA, post-traumatic amnesia; M, male; F, female; DAI, diffuse axonal injury; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Figure 1 Example of an item in the Eyes test.

Table 2 Neurocognitive assessment scores

Test	Raw score		Standard score
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
WAIS-R/III
VIQ	90.2	16.1	100	15
PIQ	80.1	12.3	100	15
FIQ	85.9	14.2	100	15
WMS-R
Verbal memory	78.1	17.7	100	15
Visual memory	82.9	26.0	100	15
General memory	79.1	22.7	100	15
Attention	94.0	16.4	100	15
Delay memory	71.0	23.4	100	15
BADS
General score	85.6	19.7	100	15

Abbreviations: WAIS-R/III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III/Revised; VIQ, Verbal Intelligence Quotient; PIQ, Performance Intelligence Quotient; FIQ, Full Intelligence Quotient; WMS-R, Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised; BADS, Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome; SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Performance on social cognition tasks: patients with TBI and healthy participants in our database

	TBI patients (n=20)		Healthy subjects		Demographics of healthy participants		Reference
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Age, years (mean ± SD)	Sex (male to female)
Emotion perception	60.0	11.9	90.2	4.7	32.4±8.1	4:6	Kubota et al^Citation39
Faux Pas test	67.3	26.8	90.5	8.2	34.9±8.1	14:14	Oshita et al, unpublished data, 2009
Eyes test	50.8	9.4	67.6	5.9	35.0±7.1	10:10	Hirao et al^Citation40
Moving-Shapes test	62.5	13.5	76.0	24.0	39.1±10.8	16:14	Koelkebeck et al^Citation41

Note: Scores were converted into percentages to allow comparison across tasks.

Abbreviations: TBI, traumatic brain injury; SD, standard deviation.

Table 4 Social participation scores of TBI patients according to R-CHART

Domain	Mean	SD	Maximum score
Physical independence	99.3	1.7	100
Cognitive independence	66.3	21.0	100
Mobility	77.6	21.4	100
Occupation	37.8	35.4	100
Social integration	51.0	27.7	100
Economic self-sufficiency	40.0	34.8	100

Note: Range is from 0 (poorest social participation) to 100 (best social participation).

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; TBI, traumatic brain injury; R-CHART, Revised Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique.

Table 5 Correlations between neurocognition, social cognition, and each subscale of functional outcome

	R-CHART
	Physical independence	Cognitive independence	Mobility	Occupation	Social integration	Economic self-sufficiency
Neurocognition
FIQ (WAIS)	−0.131	0.273	0.017	0.055	0.338	0.173
General memory (WMS-R)	−0.224	0.098	−0.142	0.214	0.265	0.068
General score (BADS)	−0.391	0.198	0.227	−0.110	0.212	−0.227
Social cognition
Emotion perception	−0.001	0.340	−0.177	−0.059	0.267	0.322
Faux Pas test	−0.428	−0.207	−0.215	0.064	−0.138	0.003
Eyes test	0.156	0.603**	0.308	0.329	0.100	0.402
Moving-Shapes test	−0.165	−0.003	−0.221	−0.138	0.297	0.306

Note:

** P<0.01, Spearman rank correlations.

Abbreviations: BADS, Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome; FIQ, Full Intelligence Quotient; R-CHART, Revised Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique; WMS-R, Wechsler Memory Score-Revised; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

Table 6 Results of multiple regression analysis on R-CHART

Dependent variable	Independent variable	R^2	β
R-CHART
Cognitive independence	Eyes test	0.310*	0.637**
	FIQ		−0.014
	General memory		−0.021
	Executive function		−0.171

Notes: Standardized regression coefficient;

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01.

Abbreviations: R-CHART, Revised Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique; FIQ, Full Intelligence Quotient.

KubotaYQuérelCPelionFFacial affect recognition in prelingually deaf people with schizophreniaSchizophr Res2003612–326527012729878

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HiraoKMiyataJFujiwaraHTheory of mind and frontal lobe pathology in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometry studySchizophr Res20081051–316517418774263

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

KoelkebeckKHiraoKKawadaRImpact of gray matter reductions on theory of mind abilities in patients with schizophreniaSoc Neurosci20138663163924047258

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar