Nonspecific pain is a marker for hypovitaminosis D in patients undergoing evaluation for sleep disorders: a pilot study

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of cohort (n = 153)

Age (years)	50.9 ± 13.7
Gender (%)
Male	23.5
Female	76.5
Race (%)
African-American	35.3
Caucasian/Hispanic*	64.7
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	36.1 ± 9.8
≥30	72
<30	28
Sleep diagnosis (%)
Obstructive sleep apnea	77
Hypersomnia	8.5
Insomnia	15
Restless legs syndrome	28
Other	6.5

Notes: Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation;

* Hispanic subjects n = 2.

Figure 1 Study flow chart.

Table 2 Comparison of serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in our study group with those published for normal subjects and those with somatic pain

n	25-hydroxy vitamin D (ng/mL)	Percent deficient	Reference
153	19.8 ± 11.1	54%	This study
Clinically normal subjects
493	*34.2 ± 13.8	NR	^Citation19
212	*23.3 ± 8.4	40%	^Citation20 (Winter)
99	*26.8 ± 10.3	20%	^Citation20 (Summer)
165	*30 ± 10	30%	^Citation21 (Winter)
142	*35 ± 10	12%	^Citation21 (Summer)
202	*33.1 ± 28.4	36%	^Citation22
13,369	*24 ± 1	36%	^Citation23
Patients with pain
128	*28.6 ± 13.2	NR	^Citation19
150	*12.1 ± 5.8	93%	^Citation24
267	*28.7 ± 11.6	26%	^Citation25
276	23.8 ± 29.1	63%	^Citation22
25	20.6 ± 6.8	NR	^Citation26
572	18.8 ± 1.0	58%	^Citation27
263	*23.9 ± 11.8	26%^‡	^Citation28

Notes: Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D < 20 ng/mL except for ^‡which indicates ≤ 15 ng/mL.

* P < 0.05, t-test.

Abbreviation: NR, not reported.

Table 3 Association between known risk factors and vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D < 20 ng/mL) in the study group

Factor	Odds ratio (95% CI)
Race (African-American/Caucasian or Hispanic)	50.8* (15.3–168.4)
Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m^2)	2.87* (1.4–5.8)
Age (<60 years)	2.5* (1.2–5.1)
Gender	1.2 (0.6–2.4)
Season (winter/summer)	1.2 (0.6–7.5)

Note:

* P < 0.05, Chi-square test.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.

Table 4 Vitamin D levels and diagnosis stratified by ethnicity, obesity, and age

	Black	White
OSA	*13.2 ± 7.4 (43)	22.7 ± 10.9 (75)
Non-OSA	*15.0 ± 9.1 (11)	25.3 ± 12.4 (24)
	BMI > 30 kg/m^2	BMI ≤ 30 kg/m^2
OSA	18.3 ± 10.3 (88)	22.1 ± 11.6 (30)
Non-OSA	*15.8 ± 10.5 (16)	27.3 ± 11.5 (19)
	Age < 60 years	Age ≥ 60 years
OSA	*16.4 ± 8.3 (80)	25.2 ± 12.7 (38)
Non-OSA	*20.0 ± 11.4 (31)	38.1 ± 6.6 (4)
	Entire cohort
OSA	19.2 ± 10.7 (118)
Non-OSA	22.1 ± 12.3 (35)

Notes: Number of patients shown in parentheses; data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; vitamin D levels are presented as ng/mL.

* P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea.

Figure 2 Correlation between vitamin D and biomarker by LDA based on age, race, and body mass index. Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.505.

Abbreviation: LSA, linear discriminant analysis.

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