A latent profile approach for the study of internet gaming disorder, social media addiction, and psychopathology in a normative sample of adolescents

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive statistics for the variables of interest (total sample and each age group)

	Total sample (n=643)	14–15 years (n=259)	16–17 years (n=252)	18–19 years (n=132)
Mean (SD)
IGD	1.62 (0.748)	1.66 (0.763)	1.63 (0.757)	1.54 (0.699)
SMA	2.12 (0.840)	2.15 (0.856)	2.15 (0.865)	2.02 (0.756)
Impulsiveness	2.59 (0.391)	2.58 (0.394)	2.60 (0.395)	2.59 (0.382)
Symptoms of psychopathology
SOM	0.50 (0.71)	0.49 (0.71)	0.51 (0.68)	0.52 (0.76)
O-C	0.43 (0.67)	0.43 (0.68)	0.42 (0.64)	0.46 (0.71)
I-S	0.44 (0.55)	0.43 (0.54)	0.44 (0.53)	0.45 (0.59)
DEP	0.56 (0.70)	0.52 (0.68)	0.58 (0.67)	0.61 (0.79)
ANX	0.46 (0.66)	0.45 (0.67)	0.45 (0.63)	0.51 (0.72)
HOS	0.35 (0.52)	0.33 (0.51)	0.35 (0.50)	0.38 (0.57)
PHOB	0.41 (0.62)	0.41 (0.62)	0.40 (0.59)	0.43 (0.66)
PAR	0.39 (0.61)	0.36 (0.59)	0.42 (0.62)	0.41 (0.65)
PSY	0.45 (0.63)	0.44 (0.62)	0.44 (0.59)	0.48 (0.70)

Abbreviations: IGD, internet gaming disorder; SMA, social media addiction; SOM, somatization; O-C, obsessive-compulsive; I-S, interpersonal sensitivity; DEP, depression; ANX, anxiety; HOS, hostility; PHOB, phobic anxiety; PAR, paranoid ideation; PSY, psychoticism.

Table 2 Fit statistics for latent profile analysis

	AIC	BIC	SSA-BIC	Entropy	LMRT (p-value)
Age group 14–15 years
2 Classes	3403.167	3541.884	3418.24	1	2885.58 p= 0.007
3 Classes	2197.516	2386.028	2217.999	0.999	1217.995 p= 0.020
4 Classes	1871.76	2110.067	1897.653	0.998	349.267 p= 0.210
Age group 16–17 years
2 Classes	3596.87	3734.52	3610.88	0.999	2381.99 p= 0.009
3 Classes	2289.648	2476.708	2308.69	0.999	1318.197 p= 0.001
4 Classes	1851.704	2088.176	1875.776	0.998	460.002 p= 0.127
Age group 18–19 years
2 Classes	1912.36	2024.79	1901.43	1	1472.135 p= 0.060

Note: Boldface indicates the selected model.

Abbreviations: AIC, Akaike Information Criterion; BIC, Bayesian Information Criterion; SSA-BIC, Sample-Size Adjusted BIC; LMRT, Lo-Mendell-Rubin Test.

Figure 1 Latent profile analysis (LPA) for 14–15 year age group.

Abbreviations: IGD, internet gaming disorder; SMA, social media addiction; IMP, impulsivity; SOM, somatization; O-C, obsessive-compulsive; I-S, interpersonal sensitivity; DEP, depression; ANX, anxiety; HOS, hostility; PHOB, phobic anxiety; PAR, paranoid ideation; PSY, psychoticism.

Figure 2 Latent profile analysis (LPA) for 14–15 year age group.

Abbreviations: IGD, internet gaming disorder; SMA, social media addiction; IMP, impulsivity; SOM, somatization; O-C, obsessive-compulsive; I-S, interpersonal sensitivity; DEP, depression; ANX, anxiety; HOS, hostility; PHOB, phobic anxiety; PAR, paranoid ideation; PSY, psychoticism.

Table 3 Indicator means for each profile in the three age groups

	IGD	SMA	IMP	SOM	O-C	I-S	DEP	ANX	HOS	PHOB	PAR	PSY
14–15 year age group
C1 (n=212)	1.64	2.14	2.59	0.22	0.12	0.22	0.24	0.17	0.13	0.16	0.12	0.2
C2 (n=47)	1.73	2.19	2.56	1.7	1.67	1.4	1.81	1.71	1.25	1.53	1.47	1.56
16–17 year age group
C1 (n=199)	1.65	2.15	2.6	0.24	0.15	0.2	0.29	0.17	0.14	0.17	0.15	0.18
C2 (n=36)	1.68	2.22	2.67	1.05	1.05	1.00	1.55	1.13	0.94	0.78	1.12	1.01
C3 (n=17)	1.31	2.05	2.5	2.54	2.24	1.87	1.96	2.26	1.57	2.26	2.09	2.23

Abbreviations: IGD, internet gaming disorder; SMA, social media addiction; IMP, impulsivity; SOM, somatization; O-C, obsessive-compulsive; I-S, interpersonal sensitivity; DEP, depression; ANX, anxiety; HOS, hostility; PHOB, phobic anxiety; PAR, paranoid ideation; PSY, psychoticism.