A selective review of glutamate pharmacological therapy in obsessive–compulsive and related disorders

Figures & data

Table 1 Glutamate-modulating pharmacotherapy of obsessive–compulsive disorder

Medication	Author	Year	Duration	N	Results
Amantadine	Pasquini^Citation43	2010	NA	1	Improvement on 200 mg/day augmentation for clomipramine 225 mg/day
	Stryjer^Citation44	2014	6 weeks	8	Improvement on 200 mg augmentation for stable SSRI
D-cycloserine	Kushner^Citation49	2007	12 weeks	25	Improvement on 125 mg/day + ERP sessions
	Wilhelm^Citation50	2008	5 weeks	23	Improvement on 100 mg/day + behavior therapy
	Storch^Citation51	2007	12 weeks	24	No improvements on 250 mg/day
Glycine	Greenberg^Citation56	2009	12 weeks	24	Improvement on 60 g/day
Ketamine	Rodriguez^Citation60	2011	2 weeks	1	Improvement on IV ketamine 0.5 mg/kg
	Bloch^Citation61	2012	1–3 days	10	Initial improvement on IV ketamine 0.5 mg/kg
	Rodriguez^Citation62	2013	Twice	15	Improvement on IV ketamine 0.5 mg/kg
Lamotrigine	Uzun^Citation72	2010	10 weeks	1	Improvement on 150 mg/day + clomipramine 225 mg/day
	Bruno^Citation73	2012	16 weeks	33	Improvement on 100 mg/day + standard SSRI
Memantine	Hezel^Citation79	2009	4 weeks	1	Improvement on 5 mg bid + citalopram
	Pasquini^Citation80	2006	3 weeks	1	Improvement on 15 mg/day
	Aboujaoude^Citation81	2009	12 weeks	15	Improvement 10 mg bid
	Feusner^Citation82	2009	12 weeks	10	Improvement 10 mg bid
	Ghaleiha^Citation83	2013	8 weeks	42	Improvement 10 mg bid
NAC	Lafleur^Citation97	2006	12 weeks	1	Improvement 3 g/day + fluvoxamine
Pregabalin	Oulis^Citation119	2011	8 weeks	10	Improvement on 225–675 mg/day augmentation
Riluzole	Coric^Citation105	2005	6–12 weeks	13	Improvement on 50 mg bid augmentation
	Grant^Citation106	2007	12 weeks	6	Improvement on 120 mg bid
	Grant^Citation107	2014	12 weeks	60	Limited improvement on 100 mg/day augmentation
Topiramate	Hollander^Citation113	2006	9 weeks	1	Improvement on 150 mg/day augmentation
	Van Ameringen^Citation114	2006	9 weeks	16	Improvement on 250 mg/day augmentation
	Berlin^Citation115	2011	12 weeks	36	Limited improvement on 180 mg/day augmentation to SSRI

Abbreviations: N, number of patients; NA, not applicable; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; ERP, exposure–response prevention; IV, intravenous; bid, twice per day; NAC, N-acetylcysteine.

Table 2 Glutamate-modulating treatments for Tourette syndrome

Medication	Author	Year	Duration	N	Results
Lamotrigine	Ortiz^Citation140	2012	12 weeks	1	Improvement on 300 mg/day
	Seemüller^Citation141	2006	3 months	1	Tics on 200 mg/day
	Sotero de Menezes^Citation143	2000	10 months	8	Tics on 4–17 mg/kg/day
Pregabalin	Fornaro^Citation145	2012	52 weeks	1	Improvement on 600 mg/day
Topiramate	Kuo^Citation146	2010	9 months	41	Improvement on 150 mg/day monotherapy and augmentation
	Jankovic^Citation147	2010	10 weeks	29	Improvement on 118 mg/day

Abbreviation: N, number of patients.

Table 3 Glutamate-modulating pharmacotherapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Medication	Author	Year	Duration	N	Results
Amantadine	Mattes^Citation186	1980	1 month	8	Improvement on 100 mg/day
	Donfrancesco^Citation187	2007	6 weeks	24	Improvement on 50–150 mg/day
	Mohammadi^Citation188	2010	6 weeks	28	Limited improvement on 100–150 mg/day
Lamotrigine	Öncü^Citation189	2014	48 months	40	Improvement on 25–250 mg/day
Memantine	Findling^Citation193	2007	8 weeks	16	Improvement on 10–20 mg/day
	Surman^Citation194	2013	12 weeks	28	Improvement on 10 mg/day
NAC	Garcia^Citation195	2013	3 months	49	Improvement on 2.4–4.8 g/day

Abbreviations: N, number of patients; NAC, N-acetylcysteine.

Table 4 Glutamate-modulating pharmacotherapy in grooming disorders and OCD-related disorders

Medication	Author	Year	Duration	N	Results
NAC	Grant^Citation163	2009	12 weeks	50	Improvement on 1.2–2.4 g/day (TTM)
	Rodrigues-Barata^Citation156	2012	2–6 months	2	Improvement on 1,200 mg/day (TTM)
	Taylor^Citation150	2014	10 weeks	1	Improvement on 1,200 mg/day (TTM)
	Bloch^Citation155	2013	12 weeks	39	Limited improvement on 1,200 mg twice daily (TTM)
	Odlaug^Citation210	2007	2 weeks	5	Improvement on 1,800 mg/day (ExD and TTM)
	Miller^Citation175	2014	12 weeks	35	Improvement on 450–1,200 mg/day (ExD)
Lamotrigine	Grant^Citation211	2007	12 weeks	24	Improvement on 25–300 mg/day (ExD)
	Grant^Citation162	2010	12 weeks	29	Limited improvement on 12.5–300 mg/day (ExD)
Topiramate	Lochner^Citation212	2006	16 weeks	9	Improvement on 50–250 mg/day (TTM)
	Shapira^Citation213	2002	8 weeks	3	Improvement on 50–150 mg/day augmentation (ExD)
	Jafferany^Citation214	2010	12 weeks	2	Improvement on 200 mg/day augmentation (ExD)
Riluzole	Coric^Citation215	2007	3 months	1	Improvement on 100 mg/day augmentation for fluoxetine (ExD)

Abbreviations: OCD, obsessive–compulsive disorder; N, number of patients; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; TTM, trichotillomania; ExD, excoriation disorder.

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