Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective

Figures & data

Figure 1 Worldwide geographical distribution of schistosomiasis in 2010.

Note: Copyright © 2013 World Health Organization. Reproduced, with the permission of the publisher, from Schistosomiasis Progress Report (2001–2011) and Strategic Plan (2012–2020), Geneva, World Health Organization, 2013. Available from: http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/resources/en/. Accessed December 9, 2013.1

Figure 2 Life cycle of schistosome species.

Note: From The New England Journal of Medicine: Ross AG, Bartley PB, Sleigh AC, et al. Schistosomiasis. 2002;346(16):1212–1220. Copyright © 2002 Massachusetts Medical Society. Reprinted with permission from Massachusetts Medical Society.17

Table 1 Treatment strategy recommended by the World Health Organization for schistosomiasis

Category	Prevalence in school-aged children	Action to be taken
High-risk community	≥50% by parasitological methods (intestinal and urinary schistosomiasis) or ≥30% by questionnaire for visible hematuria (urinary schistosomiasis)	Treat all school-aged children (enrolledand not enrolled) once a year	Also treat adults considered to be at risk (from special groupsa to entire communities living in endemic areas)
Moderate-riskcommunity	≥10% but <50% by parasitological methods (intestinal and urinary schistosomiasis) or <30% by questionnaire for visible hematuria (urinary schistosomiasis)	Treat all school-aged children (enrolledand not enrolled) once every 2 years	Also treat adults considered to be at risk (from special groupsa only)
Low-risk community	<10% by parasitological methods (intestinal and urinary schistosomiasis)	Treat all school-aged children (enrolledand not enrolled) twice during their primary schooling age (eg, once on entry and once on exit)	Praziquantel should be available in dispensaries and clinics for treatment of suspected cases

Notes: ^aPregnant and lactating women; groups with occupations involving contact with infested water, such as fishermen, farmers, irrigation workers, or women in their domestic tasks (eg, washing clothes). Copyright © 2006 World Health Organization. Reproduced, with the permission of the publisher, from Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis coordinated use of antihelmintic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers, Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241547103_eng.pdf. Accessed July 16, 2014.⁵⁵

Table 2 Schistosome candidate vaccines in advance stages of development

Vaccine candidate	Location in adult worm	Identity	Production platform	Organization	Stage of development
Sm14	Whole body cytosolic	Fatty acid binding protein	Recombinant protein	Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz	Phase 1 clinical testing
Sm-TSP-2	Tegument apical membrane	Tetraspanin integral membrane protein	Recombinant protein	Sabin PDP	Cyclic guanosine monophosphate manufactureUndergoing toxicology testing
Smp80 (Calpain)	Associated withtegument inner membrane	Calpain – neutral cysteine protease	DNA	Texas Tech	Preclinical
Sh28GST (Bhilvax)	Whole body	Glutathione S-transferase	Recombinant protein	Institut PasteurLille	Phase II clinical trial

Note: Copyright © 2008 American Society for Microbiology. Adapted from McManus DP, Loukas A. Current status of vaccines for schistosomiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21(1):225–242.75 Copyright © 2013. Adapted from Beaumer CM, Gillespie PM, Hotez PJ, Bottazi ME. New vaccines for neglected parasitic diseases and dengue. Transl Res. 2013;162(3):144–155.77

World Health Organization. Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis coordinated use of antihelmintic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006 Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241547103_eng.pdf.Accessed July 16, 2014.

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