The new first-line defense: the potential of nasopharyngeal colonization in vaccine strategies

Figures & data

Table 1 Examples and potential mechanisms for inducing adaptive immunity to bacterial pathogens by nasopharyngeal colonization with live bacteria

Type of approach	Target pathogen	Species/mutation(s)	Description	References
Commensal cross-reactivity	N. meningitidis	N. lactamica	Induction of cross-reactive antibody	103, 104
Attenuated	S. pneumoniae	cps, ply, and pspA	Virulence factor deletion	107
pathogenic bacteria	S. pneumoniae	cps, teichoic acids, ply	Virulence factor deletion	108, 109
	S. pneumoniae	pep27	Capsule reduction	110
	S. pneumoniae	ftsY, caxP/mgtA	Metabolic component deletion	111
	S. pneumoniae	pabB	Auxotroph	112
	S. pyogenes	speB and gidA mutation	Impaired tRNA modification	113
	Salmonella enterica serovar	gidA mutation	Impaired tRNA modification	114
	Typhimurium
Heterologous antigen expression	S. pneumoniae	PspA expression by Lactobacillus casei	Protective antigen expression	118
	S. pneumoniae	PspA, PpmA, PsaA, PppA, and SlrA expression by L. lactis	Protective antigen expression	119
	S. pneumoniae	Cps expression by L. lactis	Protective antigen expression	120, 121

Abbreviations: L. lactis, Lactococcus lactis; N. lactamica, Neisseria lactamica; N. meningitidis, Neisseria meningitidis; S. pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae; S. pyogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes..

Figure 1 Summary of the principles employed in nasal vaccination strategies.