Figures & data
Figure 1 The interaction between insulin signaling and fatty acids in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory markers.
Abbreviations: AKT, protein kinases B (PKB); AP-1, activator protein-1; APPs, acute phase proteins; G, glucose; GLUT4, glucose tansporter-4; I, insulin; IKK, inhibitor of NFκB kinase-β; IL-1β and -6, interleukin-1 β and -6; INSR, insulin receptor; IRAK1 and 4, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 and 4; IRS, insulin substrate; JNK, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response gene-88; NFκB, nuclear factor κ B; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3 kinase. PI(3,4,5)P3, Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. PKC, protein kinase C. TAB, TAK binding protein. TAK1, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK). TLR4, toll-like receptor-4; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α; TRAF6, TNF receptor-associated factor 6.
![Figure 1 The interaction between insulin signaling and fatty acids in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory markers.](/cms/asset/5f798fe5-14b2-4668-b997-8f23b6a871d7/dmso_a_9089_f0001_c.jpg)
Figure 2 The relationship of inflammatory markers and disease factors to specific stages pathologic continuum from overweight to T2DM and cardiovascular diseases.Citation63,Citation64
Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; FFA, free fatty acids; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; IL, interleukin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, triglycerides; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
![Figure 2 The relationship of inflammatory markers and disease factors to specific stages pathologic continuum from overweight to T2DM and cardiovascular diseases.Citation63,Citation64](/cms/asset/22d9e74e-9029-4b6c-8c45-d416b0a47a0f/dmso_a_9089_f0002_b.jpg)
Table 1 Selected pro-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms positively associated with T2DM and related risk factors and clinical complicationsCitation68–Citation72 Table Footnotea
Table 2 Effect of attenuating inflammation by anti-inflammatory factors on biochemical measures of predisposition to T2DMCitation105 Table Footnotea