Evaluation of toxicological and antioxidant potential of Nardostachys jatamansi in reversing haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats

Figures & data

Figure 1 HPTLC chromatogram of aqueous extract of N. jatamansi.

Abbreviation: HPTLC, high performance thin layer chromatography.

Table 3 Effect of aqueous extract of N. jatamansi on haloperidol-induced catalepsy by block method

Drug treatment	30 min	60 min	90 min	120 min	150 min	180 min
Tween 80	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0
Haloperidol	2.00 ± 0.224*	2.833 ± 0.211a**	3.5 ± 0.0a**	3.5 ± 0.0a**	3.167 ± 0.211a**	3.333 ± 0.167a**
N. jatamansi (100 mg) + haloperidol	1.85 ± 0.457*	2.792 ± 0.322*	2.612 ± 0.563*	2.356 ± 0.043b*	2.114 ± 0.63b*	1.923 ± 0.673b**
N. jatamansi (250 mg) + haloperidol	1.500 ± 0.342*	2.500 ± 0.259*	2.167 ± 0.211*	1.833 ± 0.211b**	1.417 ± 0.0833b**	1.02 ± 0.823b**
N. jatamansi (500 mg) + haloperidol	1.00 ± 0.213*	2.080 ± 0.326*	1.526 ± 0.243**	1.287 ± 0.0833b**	1.236 ± 0.056b**	0.5000 ± 0.224b**
l-dopa and carbidopa + haloperidol	0.5833 ± 0.833*	1.667 ± 0.117**	1.333 ± 0.105**	1.250 ± 0.112b**	1.13 ± 0.042b**	0.5 ± 0.0b**

Notes: Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6). Statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test.

* P < 0.05,

** P < 0.01.

Abbreviations: SEM, standard error of mean; Min, minutes.

Table 4 Effect of aqueous extract of N. jatamansi on Haloperidol induced catalepsy by metal bar test

Drug treatment	0 min	60 min	120 min	180 min	240 min
Tween 20	8.500 ± 1.088	7.167 ± 1.138	5.167 ± 0.792	5.667 ± 0.558	5.667 ± 0.955
Haloperidol treated	5.833 ± 0.872	138.3 ± 3.333**	165 ± 3.651**	165.0 ± 5.625**	161.7 ± 5.270**
N. jatamansi (100 mg) + Haloperidol	6.832 ± 0.056	102 ± 2.348*	94.5 ± 4.387*	72.3 ± 2.567*	51.2 ± 3.246*
N. jatamansi (250 mg) + Haloperidol	8.167 ± 0.654	65.00 ± 4.830**	58.83 ± 3.468**	48.00 ± 3.109**	23.33 ± 2.472**
N. jatamansi (500 mg) + Haloperidol	5.643 ± 0.423	43.42 ± 3.147**	36.23 ± 4.123**	28.3 ± 2.148**	18.24 ± 0.185**
l-Dopa and carbidopa + Haloperidol	7.500 ± 0.8851	32.50 ± 3.354**	27.50 ± 2.141**	23.00 ± 1.826**	15.00 ± 1.826**

Notes: Values are mean ± SEM (n = 6). Statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparision test.

* P < 0.05,

** P < 0.01.

Abbreviations: SEM, standard error of mean; Min, minutes.

Figure 2 HPTLC chromatogram of standard (Reference compound) Jatamansone.

Abbreviation: HPTLC, high performance thin layer chromatography.

Figure 3 Histopathological slides of Brain (A control, A1 test), Liver (B control, B1 test) and Kidney (C control, C1 test), Repeated oral toxicity study of Nardostachys jatamansi treatment for 28 days in rats showed no pathological changes.

Table 1 Acute toxicity study

Drug treatment	Dose	Average body weight of the animal in grams		Signs of toxicity	Effect observed	Death
		Before treatment (1st day)	After treatment (14th day)
Aqueous extract of N. jatamansi	5 mg/kg	169	175	No signs of toxicity	No effect	Nil
Aqueous extract of N. jatamansi	50 mg/kg	160	169	No signs of toxicity	No effect	Nil
Aqueous extract of N. jatamansi	500 mg/kg	167	174	No signs of toxicity	No effect	Nil
Aqueous extract of N. jatamansi	1000 mg/kg	173	179	No signs of toxicity	No effect	Nil
Aqueous extract of N. jatamansi	2000 mg/kg	155	164	No signs of toxicity	No effect	Nil
Aqueous extract of N. jatamansi	5000 mg/kg	182	195	No signs of toxicity	No effect	Nil

Notes: Body weight and signs of toxicity observed following treatment of aqueous extract of N. Jatamansi in rats for 14 days.

Table 2 Repeated oral toxicity studies

Groups	Hb (gm %)	RBC (millions/mm^2)	WBC (per mm^2)	Differential count
				Neutrophils (%)	Lymphocytes (%)	Monocytes (%)	Eosinophils (%)
Control	14.62 ± 0.06256 ns	5.297 ± 0.16222 ns	7487 ± 274.08 ns	50.33 ± 1.406 ns	45.17 ± 0.8333 ns	2.333 ± 0.6148 ns	2.167 ± 05426 ns
Test	14.63 ± 0.08028 ns	5.075 ± 0.1420 ns	7710 ± 246.8 ns	52.17 ± 1.167 ns	41.83 ± 1.447 ns	2.667 ± 0.6146 ns	3.500 ± 0.6708 ns

Notes: Values are expressed in mean ± SEM. Each group consists of 6 rats. Statistical significance test for comparison was done by Student’s t-test.

Abbreviations: ns, not significant; Hb, hemoglobin; WBC, white blood corpuscles; RBC, red blood corpuscles.

Table 5 Effect of N. jatamansi on TBARS, SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in normal and catalepsy-induced rat brain

Group	TBARS (mM/100 g tissue)	SOD (UA)	Catalase (UB)	GSH (mg/100 g tissue)
Control	1.13 ± 0.08	7.83 ± 0.70	2.99 ± 0.27	11.53 ± 0.50
Haloperidol treated	1.99 ± 0.12***	4.58 ± 0.31***	0.75 ± 0.05***	5.82 ± 0.33***
l-dopa and carbidopa + Haloperidol	1.22 ± 0.05***	6.42 ± 0.28***	2.19 ± 0.22***	9.15 ± 0.28***
N. jatamansi (100 mg) + Haloperidol	131 ± 0.43*	5.78 ± 0.45**	1.95 ± 0.20*	8.48 ± 0.51*
N. jatamansi (250 mg) + Haloperidol	1.15 ± 0.06***	6.81 ± 0.50***	2.49 ± 0.29**	9.98 ± 0.46***
N. jatamansi (500 mg) + Haloperidol	1.18 ± 0.21***	6.89 ± 0.38***	2.43 ± 0.23**	9.94 ± 0.38***

Notes: Values are mean ± SEM of six samples of six observations. Statistical significant test for comparison was done by ANOVA, followed Dunnett’s test.

A Amount of enzyme required to inhibit 50% of NBT reduction per mg protein.

B Micromoles of H₂O₂ consumed per min per mg protein.

Abbreviations: SEM, standard error of mean; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; GSH, reduced glutathione; CAT, catalase; SOD, superoxide dismutase.