Prevalence and correlates of hashish use in a national sample of high school seniors in the United States

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample characteristics.

	Full sample n = 10 597		Recent marijuana-using subsample n = 2650
	n	%	n	%
Sex
Male	4804	45.3	1312	49.5
Female	5343	50.4	1257	47.4
Missing	450	4.3	81	3.1
Age, years
<18	4439	41.9	1153	43.5
≥18	5910	55.8	1445	54.5
Missing	248	2.3	52	2.0
Race
White	6424	60.6	1703	64.3
Black	1140	10.8	231	8.7
Hispanic	1450	13.7	319	12.0
Missing	1584	14.9	397	15.0
Population density
Non-MSA	2269	21.4	483	18.2
MSA	8328	78.6	2167	81.8
Religiosity
Low	3109	29.3	1025	38.7
Moderate	2264	21.4	596	22.5
High	2433	23.0	303	11.4
Missing	2791	26.3	727	27.4
Family structure
0 Parents	588	5.6	178	6.7
1 Parent	2669	25.2	749	28.3
2 Parents	6986	65.9	1633	61.6
Missing	354	3.3	90	3.4
Parent education
Low	3089	29.2	756	28.5
Moderate	2830	26.7	731	27.6
High	3971	37.5	997	37.6
Missing	707	6.7	166	6.3
Number of evenings out per week
0–1	2627	24.8	404	15.2
2–3	5042	47.6	1253	47.3
4–7	2086	19.7	738	27.8
Missing	841	7.9	256	9.6
Weekly income from job
$10 or less	4339	40.9	932	35.2
$11–50	1159	10.9	277	10.4
$51 or more	4115	38.8	1169	44.1
Missing	985	9.2	273	10.3
Weekly income from other source
$10 or less	5279	49.8	1195	45.1
$11–50	3284	31.0	882	33.3
$51 or more	930	8.8	278	10.5
Missing	1105	10.4	294	11.1
Lifetime hashish use
No	9599	90.6	1984	74.9
Yes	998	9.4	666	25.1
Recent (12 months) hashish use
No	9911	93.5	2164	81.7
Yes	686	6.5	486	18.3
Lifetime alcohol use
<10 times	6097	57.5	609	23.0
>10 times	4500	42.5	2041	77.0
Lifetime cigarette use
Never smoked	6215	58.6	716	27.0
1–2 times	1808	17.1	660	24.9
Smoke occasionally	1162	10.9	674	25.4
Smoke(d) regularly	1412	13.3	599	22.6
Frequency of recent marijuana use
0 times	7168	67.6	0	0.0
1–2 times	886	8.4	729	27.5
3–5 times	563	5.3	463	17.5
6–9 times	400	3.8	314	11.8
10–19 times	360	3.4	263	9.9
20–39 times	303	2.9	223	8.4
40+ times	917	8.7	658	24.8
Lifetime other illicit drug use
No	8132	76.7	1479	55.8
Yes	2465	23.2	1170	44.2

MSA, metropolitan statistical area. Percentages were weighted so they do not always add up perfectly to 100%.

Table 2. Reasons for marijuana use among recent marijuana users (Weighted n = 2650).

	n	%
To experiment – to see what it’s like	1690	63.8
To relax or relieve tension	1642	62.0
To feel good or get high	1883	71.0
To seek deeper insights/understanding	622	23.5
To have a good time with my friends	1800	67.9
To fit in with a group I like	167	6.3
To get away from my problems/troubles	695	26.2
Because of boredom, nothing else to do	845	31.9
Because of anger or frustration	499	18.8
To get through the day	314	11.9
Because I am ‘hooked’ – I have to have it	94	3.5

Table 3. Multinomial logistic regressions comparing correlates of hashish and other marijuana use to non-marijuana use (Weighted n = 10 597).

	Model 1				Model 2
	Hashish		Other marijuana		Hashish		Other marijuana
	AOR	(95% CI)	AOR	(95% CI)	AOR	(95% CI)	AOR	(95% CI)
Sex
Male	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Female	0.49***	(0.40–0.61)	0.94	(0.81–1.05)	0.42***	(0.34–0.54)	0.89	(0.78–1.02)
Age, years
<18	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
≥18	0.85	(0.70–1.04)	0.91	(0.81–1.01)	0.74*	(0.59–0.94)	0.81**	(0.71–0.92)
Race
White	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Black	0.43***	(0.27–0.69)	0.91	(0.75–1.10)	2.18**	(1.30–3.66)	2.24***	(1.79–2.81)
Hispanic	0.42***	(0.29–0.61)	0.86	(0.72–1.02)	0.77	(0.52–1.15)	1.13	(0.93–1.39)
Population density
Non-MSA	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
MSA	1.28	(1.00–1.64)	1.27***	(1.11–1.46)	1.67***	(1.25–2.23)	1.67***	(1.42–1.97)
Religiosity
Low	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Moderate	0.54***	(0.40–0.73)	0.73***	(0.63–0.84)	0.53***	(0.38–0.74)	0.68***	(0.57–0.81)
High	0.19***	(0.13–0.28)	0.31***	(0.26–0.36)	0.33***	(0.21–0.50)	0.41***	(0.33–0.49)
Family structure
0 Parents	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
1 Parent	0.51**	(0.34–0.77)	0.67**	(0.53–0.86)	0.79	(0.48–1.28)	0.89	(0.66–1.18)
2 Parents	0.43***	(0.29–0.63)	0.51***	(0.40–0.64)	0.80	(0.50–1.27)	0.75*	(0.57–1.00)
Parent education
Low	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Moderate	1.10	(0.84–1.44)	0.99	(0.85–1.14)	1.10	(0.80–1.50)	0.99	(0.84–1.17)
High	1.05	(0.81–1.35)	0.94	(0.81–1.08)	1.28	(0.95–1.72)	1.07	(0.90–1.26)
Number of evenings out per week
0–1	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
2–3	2.40***	(1.75–3.28)	1.75***	(1.51–2.02)	2.06***	(1.42–2.98)	1.48***	(1.24–1.76)
4–7	5.42***	(3.87–7.57)	2.62***	(2.21–3.10)	3.25***	(2.18–4.85)	1.77***	(1.44–2.18)
Weekly income from job
$10 or less	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
$11–50	1.03	(0.70–1.53)	1.22*	(1.02–1.47)	0.99	(0.62–1.58)	1.17	(0.95–1.44)
$51 or more	1.86***	(1.50–2.32)	1.41***	(1.24–1.59)	1.38*	(1.05–1.80)	1.09	(0.94–1.27)
Weekly income from other source
$10 or less	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
$11–50	1.32*	(1.04–1.68)	1.33***	(1.17–1.51)	1.07	(0.81–1.41)	1.14	(0.98–1.32)
$51 or more	2.09***	(1.53–2.85)	1.33***	(1.10–1.62)	1.19	(0.83–1.71)	0.92	(0.72–1.16)
Lifetime alcohol use
<10 times					Ref		Ref
>10 times					7.80***	(5.53–11.03)	4.27***	(3.71–4.90)
Lifetime cigarette use
Never smoked					Ref		Ref
1–2 times					4.60***	(3.11–6.81)	3.45***	(2.92–4.07)
Smoke occasionally					13.21***	(8.87–19.66)	6.87***	(5.64–8.38)
Smoke(d) regularly					18.70***	(12.75–27.44)	6.60***	(5.38–8.11)
Lifetime other illicit drug use
No					Ref		Ref
Yes					6.58***	(5.15–8.43)	2.29***	(1.97–2.66)

The comparison group for use of hashish (n = 686) and other marijuana (n = 2744) was students who used neither hashish nor other marijuana (n = 7168). AORs are adjusted odds ratios as all other variables were controlled in the multivariable model. The models included cohort and missing data indicators. Results were computed both with and without the missing data indicators and results were nearly identical. MSA, metropolitan statistical area; CI, confidence interval. *p < .005, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Table 4. Binary logistic regressions comparing hashish use to use of other marijuana (Weighted n = 2650).

	Raw proportions		Model 1		Model 2
	No use, %	Use, %	AOR	(95% CI)	AOR	(95% CI)
Sex
Male	77.5	22.5	Ref		Ref
Female	86.2	13.8	0.57***	(0.45–0.73)	0.75*	(0.57–1.00)
Age, years
<18	81.6	18.4	Ref		Ref
≥18	81.7	18.3	1.01	(0.79–1.30)	0.88	(0.67–1.16)
Race
White	79.3	20.7	Ref		Ref
Black	93.0	7.0	0.36***	(0.20–0.65)	0.48*	(0.25–0.92)
Hispanic	85.6	14.4	0.60*	(0.39–0.93)	0.82	(0.52–1.32)
Population density
Non-MSA	82.3	17.7	Ref		Ref
MSA	81.5	18.5	0.99	(0.72–1.36)	1.02	(0.70–1.48)
Religiosity
Low	81.7	18.3	Ref		Ref
Moderate	87.2	12.8	0.68*	(0.48–0.97)	0.81	(0.55–1.20)
High	89.4	10.6	0.59*	(0.36–0.95)	0.95	(0.52–1.73)
Family structure
0 Parents	84.3	15.7	Ref		Ref
1 Parent	84.3	15.7	1.02	(0.60–1.74)	1.29	(0.73–2.29)
2 Parents	80.8	19.2	1.14	(0.68–1.91)	1.58	(0.91–2.76)
Parent education
Low	84.1	15.9	Ref		Ref
Moderate	81.5	18.5	1.05	(0.76–1.45)	1.11	(0.77–1.59)
High	80.6	19.4	1.11	(0.82–1.52)	1.33	(0.92–1.91)
Number of evenings out per week
0–1	87.6	12.4	Ref		Ref
2–3	84.0	16.0	1.25	(0.84–1.87)	1.17	(0.75–1.84)
4–7	74.8	25.2	2.09***	(1.37–3.19)	1.30	(0.80–2.12)
Weekly income from job
$10 or less	82.9	17.1	Ref		Ref
$11–50	86.3	13.7	0.78	(0.48–1.29)	0.75	(0.43–1.31)
$51 or more	80.1	19.9	1.33*	(1.01–1.74)	1.25	(0.92–1.71)
Weekly income from other source
$10 or less	82.3	17.7	Ref		Ref
$11–50	82.9	17.1	0.91	(0.67–1.21)	0.83	(0.60–1.15)
$51 or more	76.0	24.0	1.41	(0.95–2.07)	1.03	(0.67–1.83)
Lifetime alcohol use
<10 times	93.4	6.6			Ref
>10 times	78.2	21.8			1.59*	(1.02–2.49)
Lifetime cigarette use
Never smoked	90.8	9.2			Ref
1–2 times	86.8	13.2			1.18	(0.77–1.83)
Smoke occasionally	78.8	21.2			1.24	(0.80–1.91)
Smoke(d) regularly	68.3	31.7			1.88**	(1.19–2.97)
Frequency of 12-month marijuana use
3–5 times	95.0	5.0			Ref
6–9 times	92.9	7.1			2.28**	(1.30–3.98)
10–19 times	89.7	10.3			3.01***	(1.79–5.06)
20–39 times	91.3	8.7			5.06***	(3.00–8.57)
40+ times	62.5	37.5			9.26***	(5.84–14.69)
Lifetime other illicit drug use
No	90.3	9.7			Ref
Yes	70.7	29.3			1.64**	(1.21–2.23)
Reasons for marijuana use
To experiment – to see what it’s like	85.8	14.2			0.83	(0.62–1.11)
To relax or relieve tension	76.6	23.4			1.13	(0.79–1.60)
To feel good or get high	77.9	22.1			1.17	(0.80–1.70)
To seek deeper insights/understanding	66.1	33.9			1.51**	(1.11–2.06)
To have a good time with my friends	78.5	21.5			1.06	(0.76–1.49)
To fit in with a group I like	77.8	22.2			1.42	(0.84–2.40)
To get away from my problems/troubles	75.6	24.4			0.86	(0.59–1.25)
Because of boredom, nothing else to do	72.4	27.6			0.98	(0.72–1.33)
Because of anger or frustration	73.6	26.4			0.90	(0.61–1.31)
To get through the day	61.0	39.0			1.29	(0.84–1.98)
Because I am ‘hooked’ – I have to have it	44.9	55.1			1.94*	(1.09–3.43)

The comparison group for hashish users (n = 486) was students who used marijuana, but not hashish (n = 2164). AORs are adjusted odds ratios as all other variables were controlled in the multivariable models. The models included cohort and missing data indicators. Results were computed both with and without the missing data indicators and results were nearly identical. Percentages listed for reasons for marijuana use compare those who checked off “yes” to that reason (e.g. 55.1% of those who said they used hashish because they were hooked used hashish). MSA, metropolitan statistical area. CI, confidence interval. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.