Psychological well-being status among medical and dental students in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table

Practice points

Preclinical medical and dental students at UQU had high levels of depression, anxiety and stress, and normal levels of self-efficacy and satisfaction with life. The levels of psychological distress were higher than in normal populations. In general, females had higher distress than males among medical students, whereas male dental students had higher distress than females. There was a significant relation between depression and students’ academic performance.

Table 1. Demographic data of the medical and dental student participants in the preclinical years at UQU.

Variable	No. (%) of participants (n = 422)
Faculty
Medicine	350 (82.9%)
Dentistry	72 (17.1%)
Gender
Male	197 (46.7%)
Female	225 (53.3%)
Academic year
Second year	198 (46.9%)
Third year	224 (53.1%)
Marital status
Single	410 (97.2%)
Married	12 (2.8%)
Family income
<10 000 RS	137 (32.5%)
>10 000 RS	285 (67.5%)
Nationality
Saudi	411 (97.4%)
Non-Saudi	11 (2.6%)

RS: Saudi Riyal; UQU: Umm Al-Qura University.

Table 2. Frequencies and percentages of depression, anxiety, stress and SWLS levels among preclinical medical and dental students at UQU.

Negative psychological well-being							Positive psychological well-being
DASS (n = 422)	Depression frequency (%)	Cum%	Anxiety frequency (%)	Cum%	Stress frequency (%)	Cum%	SWLS (n = 422)	SWLS frequency (%)	Cum%
Normal	127 (30.1)		142 (33.6)		123 (29.1)		Highly satisfied	80 (19)
Mild	74 (17.5)		86 (20.4)		63 (14.9)		High score	128 (30.3)	75.1
Moderate	114 (27)	69.9	60 (14.2)	66.4	92 (21.8)	70.9	Average	109 (25.8)
severe	56 (13.3)		43 (10.2)		104 (24.6)		Slightly below average	61 (14.5)
Extremely severe	51 (12.1)		91 (21.6)		40 (9.5)		Dissatisfied	36 (8.5)	24.9
							Extremely dissatisfied	8 (1.9)

Cum%: cumulative percentage; DASS: Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; GSE: General Self-Efficacy; SWLS: Satisfaction With Life Scale; UQU: Umm Al-Qura University.

Table 3. The final models of univariate general linear analysis of the psychological constructs and student’s weighted grades.

	Adj-R^2	Model	Bo	Partial Eta^2	Sig.	Estimated mean
Depression	0.029	Intercept	12.662	0.129	0.000	–
		Year
		Second	−1.845	0.003	0.036	13.787
		Third	0^a	0.016	–	15.633
		Gender*Faculty
		Male*Medicine	2.028	0.016	0.239	13.767
		Male*Dentistry	5.468	–	0.011	17.207
		Female*Medicine	4.388	0.010	0.010	16.127
		Female*Dentistry	0^a	–	–	11.739
Anxiety	0.029	Intercept	10.061	0.096	0.000	–
		Gender*Faculty
		Male*Medicine	0.155	0.000	0.926	10.215
		Male*Dentistry	2.350	0.003	0.254	12.410
		Female*Medicine	3.616	0.012	0.028	13.677
		Female*Dentistry	0^a	–	–	10.061
Stress	0.060	Intercept	15.588	0.158	0.000	–
		Gender*Faculty
		Male*Medicine	3.896	0.010	0.046	18.509
		Male*Dentistry	4.203	0.010	0.044	21.848
		Female*Medicine	7.971	0.039	0.000	22.584
		Female*Dentistry	0^a	–	–	17.645
		Year*Faculty
		Second*Medicine	−1.952	0.010	0.039	19.571
		Third*Medicine	0^a	–	–	21.522
		Second*Dentistry	4.113	0.009	0.049	21.803
		Third*Dentistry	0^a	–	–	17.690
GSE	0.008	Intercept	26.769	0.943	0.000	–
		Gender
		Male	0.982	0.010	0.038	27.751
		Female	0^a	–	–	26.769
SWLS	0.050	Intercept	27.165	0.336	0.000	–
		Year
		Second year	2.367	0.035	0.000	26.578
		Third year	0^a	–	–	24.211
		Marital status
		Single	−4.260	0.013	0.021	23.265
		Married	0^a	–	–	27.524
		Family income
		Low^c	−1.647	0.015	0.012	24.571
		High^d	0^a	–	–	26.218
WG	0.111	Intercept	90.549	0.895	0.000	–
		Gender
		Male	−11.759	0.081	0.000	78.040^b
		Female	0^a	–	–	84.806^b
		Faculty
		Medicine	−7.772	0.057	0.000	80.034^b
		Dentistry	0^a	–	–	82.813^b
		Depression	−0.247	0.018	0.006	–
		Gender*Faculty
		Male*Medicine	9.986	0.049	0.000	79.148^b
		Male*Dentistry	0^a	–	–	80.920^b
		Female*Medicine	0^a	–	–	76.933^b
		Female*Dentistry	0^a	–	–	88.692^b

Adj-R²: adjusted R²; GSE, General Self-Efficacy; SWLS: Satisfaction With Life Scale; WG: weighted grades.

^aThis parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.

^bCovariates appearing in the model are evaluated at depression = 7.528.

^cHigh family income: >10 000 Saudi Riyals.

^dLow family income: <10 000 Saudi Riyals.