Synthesis and functionalisation of magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia applications

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of morphology data and SAR values of MNPs from aqueous phase synthesis together with corresponding AMF parameters.

Magnetic compound	Magnetic core size (nm)	Hydrodynamic particle diameter (nm)	Stabilisation/coating	SAR (W/g particle)	H (kA/m)	f (kHz)	Reference
γ-Fe2O3	17	n/a	Citrate	1650	24.8	700	[50]
Fe3O4	15–17	20	Starch	129	12	184	[105]
Fe3O4	n/a	72	Carboxymethyl dextran	245	20	238	[52]
γ-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 mixture	14 (40–80 clusters)	82	Carboxymethyl dextran	332	10	400	[53]
Fe3O4	10	n/a	Citrate	17*	3	215	[54]
Fe3O4	8–10	25	Citrate	32*	7.6	425	[87]
					39*	8.8	425
					49*	10	425
Fe3O4 BNF-starch	15–20	108	Starch	11*	12	150	[56]
					78*	24	150
					278*	40	150
					537*	94	150
				35	24	100	[70]
					42	24	320
					82	24	520
					122	24	700
				4.9	5.66	900	[46]
Fe3O4	30	200	plain	80–90	10	249	[36]
γ-Fe2O3	36	n/a	Plain	n/a	23.9	100	[57]
Fe3O4 + traces of γ-Fe2O3	30	n/a	Citrate	84	8	260	[102]
		30	32	1 nm SiO2 layer	81	8	260
		45	n/a	Citrate	63	8	260
		45	53	4 nm SiO2 layer	45	8	260
Fe3O4	5	30	Glycine	42* (water)	18.5	250	[88]
					38* (DMEM)	18.5	250
					59* (water)	24.6	250
					78* (water)	30.6	250
Iron oxide	12	30	Aminosilane	n/a	18	100	[2]
Feridex® FeO1.44	4–10	120–180	Dextran	83	0.66	1000	[64]
				1.6*	12	150	[56]
					5.2*	24	150
					8.4*	40	150
					15.1*	94	150
Fe3O4 nanomag®-D-SPIO	11	100	Dextran	90	5.66	900	[46]
				44*	12	150	[56]
					91*	24	150
					116*	40	150
					162*	94	150
				263	12	1050	[14]
Iron oxide	9 nm	135 nm	Tiopronin	1179	12	1050	[14]

*Specific absorption rate in W/g iron.

BNF, bionized nanoferrite [56]; H, magnetic field amplitude; f, frequency; n/a, not available.

Table 2. Summary of morphology data and SAR values of MNPs from organic phase synthesis together with corresponding AMF parameters.

Magnetic compound	Magnetic core size (nm)	Hydrodynamic particle diameter (nm)	Stabilisation/coating	SAR (W/g particle)	H (kA/m)	f (kHz)	Reference
Fe3O4	16	∼100	PMAO-PEG	144	13.5	376	[67]
Fe3O4	15	n/a	Amphiphilic polymer	20	21	700	[61]
Fe3O4	11	n/a	Pluronic F127	447	24.5	400	[94]
Fe3O4	22	∼100	PEG	n.a.	19.6	111	[68]
					7	629
Fe3O4 nanocubes	30	158	chitosan	2614	0.66	1000	[64]
Fe3O4 nanocubes	19	37	PMAO	2452*	29	520	[65]
γ-Fe2O3 nanoflowers	24**	42	Citrate	1992*	21.5	700	[69]
γ-Fe2O3 nanoflowers	25***	30	Citrate	201*	29	100	[70]
					703*	320
					1537*	520
					2055*	700
Fe3O4	n/a	145	D-α-tocopheryl-co-PEG 1000 succinate micelles	51	89	240	[95]
Fe3O4	16	n/a	Rhamnose	61	21	168	[100]
	35			185	21	336
			Rhamnose	76	21	168

*Specific absorption rate in W/g iron.

**multicores of 11 nm nanocrystals.

***multicores of 8--10 nm nanocrystals.

H, magnetic field amplitude; f, frequency; n/a, not available; PMAO, poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene).

Figure 1. Overview on typical strategies for antibody conjugation on the surface of MNPs. The precursor particles were obtained by following reactions. (A) Carboxylated MNPs were activated with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). (B) Aminated MNPs were functionalised with maleimide or PEG-maleimide groups by reaction with sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC) or with succinimidyl-[(N-maleimidopropionamido)-PEG] esters (NHS-PEGn-maleimide) [118]. (C) Aminated MNPs were functionalised with N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP). (D) Aminated MNPs were functionalised with N-succinimidyl iodoacetate (SIA).

Figure 2. Bioorthogonal conjugation of antibodies on the surface of MNPs.

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