High dairy fat intake related to less central obesity: A male cohort study with 12 years’ follow-up

Figures & data

Table I. Descriptive statistics of participants at baseline in 1990–91 (n = 1782).

	n	%	mean	SD	min	max
Age (years)	1,782		50.3	6.0	39	62
Farmer	1,013	56.8
Body mass index (BMI)	1,782		26.4	3.2	18.3	44.4
Normal weight (BMI < 25)	634	35.6
Overweight (BMI 25–29.9)	897	50.3
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30)	251	14.1
Waist hip ratio (W/H)	1,771		0.91	0.05	0.71	1.11
Central obesity (W/H ≥ 1.0)	116	6.5
Smoking, daily	414	23.3
Alcohol consumption (grams/week)	1,777		24.9	29.3	0	227
≥ 60 grams/week	187	10.5
Physical activity, leisure time	1,768
Sedentary	510	28.8
Low	997	56.4
Moderate or vigorous	261	14.8
Educational level	1,737
Mandatory school	722	41.6
Vocational school	551	31.7
Secondary school	185	10.7
College	123	7.1
University	156	9.0
Food choices
Spreads
Low fat margarine or nothing	915	51.7
Butter	854	48.3
Milk
Low fat	813	48.9
High fat	849	51.1
Whipping cream
Seldom/never	725	41.3
Daily or several times a week	1,013	58.7
Low fat (no butter+ low fat milk+ no cream)	356	20.4
High fat (butter+ fat milk+ cream)	415	23.7
Fruit and vegetables, daily	592	33.5
Fruit, daily	936	52.8
Vegetables, daily	917	51.8

Table II. Central obesity (waist hip ratio ≥ 1) at follow-up (2002–03) with regard to reported food choices and other lifestyle variables at baseline among men without central obesity (waist hip ratio < 1) at baseline (n = 1,322).

	n	Cases of central obesity at follow up	%	OR^1	95% CI
Spreads
Low fat margarine or nothing	676	117	17.3	1
Butter	636	75	11.8	0.64	0.47–0.87
Milk
Low fat	609	106	17.4	1
High fat	629	75	11.9	0.64	0.47–0.88
Whipping cream
Seldom/never	523	92	17.6	1
Daily or several times a week	787	101	12.8	0.69	0.51–0.94
Fruit and vegetables
Less than daily	868	126	14.5	1
Daily	445	68	15.3	1.06	0.77–1.46
Smoking
Non-smokers	1,053	148	14.1	1
Smokers	267	48	18.0	1.34	0.94–1.92
Alcohol consumption
< 60 grams/week	1,194	168	14.1	1
≥ 60 grams/week	124	28	22.6	1.78	1.13–2.80
Physical activity, leisure time
Sedentary	392	69	17.6	1
Low	712	102	14.3	0.78	0.56–1.09
Moderate or vigorous	207	21	10.1	0.53	0.31–0.89
Education
Only mandatory school	507	90	17.8	1
More than mandatory	788	100	12.7	0.67	0.49–0.92
Profession
Non-farmer	544	97	17.8	1
Farmer	778	100	12.9	0.68	0.50–0.92

¹Crude odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals.

Table III. Risk of central obesity (waist hip ratio ≥ 1) at follow-up according to dairy fat intake at baseline. Only men with waist hip ratio < 1 at baseline were included.

Dairy fat intake	Crude (n = 1,303)		Model 1^1 (n = 1,285)		Model 2^2 (n = 1,261)
	OR^3	95% CI	OR^3	95% CI	OR^3	95% CI
Low (no butter and low fat milk and seldom/never whipping cream)	1.40	0.97–2.03	1.45	0.99–2.11	1.53	1.05–2.24
Medium (all other combinations of spread, milk, and whipping cream)	1		1		1
High (butter and high fat milk and whipping cream daily or several times a week)	0.53	0.34–0.83	0.50	0.31–0.80	0.52	0.33–0.83

¹Adjusted for fruit and vegetables daily, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity.

²Adjusted as above plus age, education, and profession.

³Odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals.