A salutogenic approach to prevention of metabolic syndrome: a mixed methods population study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Lapinlahti 2005 study: Research process and participation.

Figure 2. Lapinlahti 2005 study: Assessment of Sense of Coherence, its elements and their relationship in 43 interviewees. NVivo 7 software was used for coding and categorizing the findings.

Figure 3. Lapinlahti 2005 study: Assessment of Sense of Coherence sub-elements of the three SOC elements (comprehensibility, meaningfulness, manageability). NVivo 7 software was used for coding and categorizing the findings.

Figure 4. Lapinlahti 2005 study: Merging process of qualitative and quantitative data (MetS = metabolic syndrome; SOC = Sense of Coherence).

Table I. Lapinlahti 2005 study: Basic characteristics of the 480 study subjects.

	All (n = 480)	MetS absent^1 (n = 299; 62 %)	MetS present^1 (n = 181; 38 %)
1. Age in years	50.4 (10.2)	48.6 (10.1)	53.2 (9.8)
2. Proportion of males in %	48	47	50
3. Marital status (% single, divorced or widowed)	18	16	21
4. Vocational education (% lower education or less)	70	66	76
5. Employment (% unemployed or retired)	30	27	35
6. Current smoking (% smokers)	28	28	29
7. Current alcohol use (% alcohol users)	79	78	80
8. Current physical activity (% inactive)	49	43	58
9. Current dietary vegetable intake (% low intake)	45	40	53
10. Medication for depression (%)	3	2	4
11. Diabetes medication (%)	4	2	8
12. Hypertension medication (%)	22	10	40
13. Dyslipidaemia medication (%)	14	9	22
Body mass index BMI (kg/m^2)^a	27.8 (5.13)	25.3 (3.37)	31.8 (4.91)
Waist girth among men in cm^a	98.5 (11.92)	92.4 (7.99)	107.9 (10.89)
Waist girth among women in cm^a	85.1 (13.77)	77.5 (7.97)	97.7 (12.05)
Systolic blood pressure in mmHg^a	139.2 (18.7)	135.1 (17.93)	145.8 (18.51)
Diastolic blood pressure in mmHg^a	82.9 (10.7)	80.7 (10.04)	86.5 (10.68)
Fasting plasma glucose in mmol/l^a	5.57 (1.16)	5.28 (0.96)	6.05 (1.29)
Serum HDL cholesterol among men in mmol/l^a	1.09 (0.34)	1.22 (0.32)	0.89 (0.27)
Serum HDL cholesterol among women in mmol/l^a	1.37 (0.43)	1.54 (0.40)	1.09 (0.31)
Serum triglycerides in mmol/l^a	1.36 (0.82)	1.04 (0.40)	1.90 (1.02)

Notes: ¹Metabolic syndrome (MetS): NCEP 2005 criteria [17]. ^aValues given as means (SD) (p < 0.001 for all referred variables). 2. Proportion of males given in percentages (%) of all (χ² = 0.38; df = 1; p = 0.572). 3. Marital status: married or cohabiting vs. single, divorced, or widowed (χ² = 1.325; df = 1; p = 0.270). 4. Vocational education: higher vocational education or university degree vs. lower vocational education or less (χ² = 5.502; df = 1; p = 0.024). 5. Employment: employed vs. unemployed or retired (χ² = 3.367; df = 1; p = 0.075). 6. Current smoking: non-smoker vs. smoker (χ² = 0.034; df = 1; p = 0.916). 7. Current alcohol use: no vs. yes (χ² = 0.178; df = 1; p = 0.731). 8. Current physical activity: active (3 units or more/week) vs. inactive (0–2 units/ week); one unit = minimum of 30 minutes of physical exercise at work or during leisure time) (χ² = 9.959; df = 1; p = 0.002). 9. Current dietary vegetable intake: high = on 3 or more days weekly vs. low = on 0–2 days weekly (χ² = 7.818; df = 1; p = 0.006). 10. No vs. yes (χ² = 1.481; df = 1; p = 0.253). 11. No vs. yes (χ² = 10.631; df = 1; p = 0.002). 12. No vs. yes (χ² = 59.643; df = 1; p < 0.001). 13. No vs. yes (χ² = 15.905; df = 1; p < 0.001).

Table II. Lapinlahti 2005 study: Summary of the health survey and theme interview findings of 43 study participants.¹

Status of Sense of Coherence (SOC)	MetS confirmed (n)	Liable to MetS (n)	Not liable to MetS (n)	Total (n)	Very good or good welfare intervention prospects (n)
Weak or fake SOC	11	1	0	12	3
Poor valuation of health	3	1	1	5	5
Poor health awareness	2	0	0	2	2
Defective external resistance resources	5	4	2	11	11
Defective internal resistance resources	0	3	7	10	9
Strong or strengthened SOC	0	2	1	3	3
Total	21	11	11	43	33

Note: ¹Grouping by sense of coherence (SOC) profile, metabolic syndrome (MetS) status and welfare intervention priority.

Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Hearth Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005;112:2735–52.

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