Health among Swedish employees and financial situation, education, and managerial responsibility: A longitudinal study

Figures & data

Table I. The characteristics of the study sample consisting of persons that responded at both baseline and follow-up (n (%) and mean ± SD).

	Self-rated health
	Improved	Worsening	Sustained good	Sustained poor	Total
	277 (6)	556 (13)	2864 (68)	543 (13)	4240 (100)
Sex
Female	241 (7)	474 (13)	2370 (67)	475 (13)	3560 (100)
Male	36 (5)	82 (12)	494 (73)	68 (10)	680 (100)
Age (mean ± SD)^a	46 ± 9	48 ± 9	46 ± 9	49 ± 8	46 ± 9
Current smoker (n, %)	78 (7)	184 (17)^b	657 (59)^b	191 (17)^b	1110 (100)
Body mass index (BMI)
Underweight (>18.5)	4 (10)	4 (10)	28 (70)	4 (10)	40 (100)
Normal weight (18.5–24.9)	126 (5)	264 (11)	1706 (74)	232 (10)	2328 (100)
Overweight (25.0–29.9)	106 (8)	201 (14)	873 (63)	206 (15)	1386 (100)
Obesity (<29.9)	39 (9)	76 (19)	202 (50)	89 (22)	406 (100)
Financial situation at baseline
Good	80 (4)	195 (11)	1398 (78)	131 (7)	1804 (100)
Neither/nor	143 (8)	250 (14)	1128 (63)	275 (15)	1789 (100)
Strained	61 (9)	111 (17)	338 (52)	137 (21)	647 (100)
Change in financial situation
Improved	61 (7)	102 (12)	582 (70)	91 (11)	835 (100)
Unchanged	179 (6)	371 (13)	2025 (69)	362 (12)	2937 (100)
Worsening	37 (8)	83 (18)	257 (55)	90 (19)	468 (100)
Education at baseline
Further	162 (7)	282 (12)	1697 (70)	268 (11)	2401 (100)
Non-academic	115 (6)	274 (15)	1167 (63)	275 (15)	1839 (100)
Managerial responsibility at baseline
Top manager	57 (6)	109 (11)	673 (71)	109 (11)	948 (100)
Other^c	220 (7)	447 (13)	2191 (67)	434 (13)	3292 (100)

^aPresented as mean ± standard deviation (SD).

^bCalculated by chi-square, P < 0.001.

^cOther managerial (none and middle).

Table II. Improved self-rated health (SRH) during the 3-year follow-up related to exposures: financial situation, education, and managerial responsibility. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), n = 4240.

	Improved SRH
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Exposure	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Financial situation at baseline^a
Strained	1.30 (0.95–1.58)
Good	0.55*** (0.41–0.74)
Neither good nor strained	Ref
Financial situation at follow-up
Strained		1.08 (0.74–1.56)
Good		0.80 (0.61–1.05)
Neither good nor strained		Ref
Change in financial situation^b
Worsening			1.30 (0.89–1.89)
Improved			1.23 (0.91–1.67)
Unchanged			Ref
Education^a
Further	1.22 (0.95–1.58)	1.17 (0.90–1.51)	1.12 (0.87–1.44)
Non-academic	Ref	Ref	Ref
Managerial responsibility^a
Managerial (top manager)	0.96 (0.70–1.30)	0.92 (0.68–1.25)	0.90 (0.66–1.22)
All others (none and middle)	Ref	Ref	Ref

Logistic regression models, adjusting for personal factors (age, sex, smoking, and BMI).

^aEducation and managerial at baseline.

^bChange in financial situation between baseline and follow-up.

*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 by logistic regression.

Ref = reference category.

Table III. Worsening of self-rated health (SRH) during the 3-year follow-up related to exposures: financial situation, education, and managerial responsibility. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), n = 4240.

	Worsening SRH
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Exposure	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Financial situation at baseline^a
Strained	1.32* (1.03–1.70)
Good	0.80* (0.65–0.98)
Neither good nor strained	Ref
Financial situation at follow-up
Strained		1.56** (1.20–2.02)
Good		0.71** (0.58–0.87)
Neither good nor strained		Ref
Change in financial situation^b
Worsening			1.54** (1.18–2.02)
Improved			0.99 (0.78–1.25)
Unchanged			Ref
Education^a
Further	0.76** (0.63–0.92)	0.80* (0.66–0.96)	0.74** (0.61–0.89)
Non-academic	Ref	Ref	Ref
Managerial responsibility^a
Managerial (top manager)	0.89 (0.71–1.12)	0.90 (0.72–1.13)	0.87 (0.69–1.09)
All others (none and middle)	Ref	Ref	Ref

Logistic regression models, adjusting for personal factors (age, sex, smoking, and BMI).

^aEducation and managerial at baseline.

^bChange in financial situation between baseline and follow-up.

*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 by logistic regression.

Ref = reference category.

Table IV. Sustained good self-rated health (SRH) during the 3-year follow-up related to exposures: financial situation, education, and managerial responsibility. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), n = 4240.

	Sustained good SRH
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Exposure	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Financial situation at baseline^a
Strained	0.59*** (0.48–0.71)
Good	1.99*** (1.70–2.32)
Neither good nor strained	Ref
Financial situation at follow-up
Strained		0.52*** (0.42–0.64)
Good		1.87*** (1.61–2.17)
Neither good nor strained		Ref
Change in financial situation^b
Worsening			0.53*** (0.43–0.65)
Improved			1.00 (0.84–1.19)
Unchanged			Ref
Education^a
Further	1.17* (1.02–1.35)	1.14 (0.99–1.31)	1.29*** (1.13–1.48)
Non-academic	Ref	Ref	Ref
Managerial responsibility^a
Managerial (top manager)	1.08 (0.92–1.28)	1.09 (0.92–1.29)	1.16 (0.99–1.37)
All others (none and middle)	Ref	Ref	Ref

Logistic regression models, adjusting for personal factors (age, sex, smoking, and BMI).

^aEducation and managerial at baseline.

^bChange in financial situation between baseline and follow-up.

*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 by logistic regression.

Ref = reference category.

Table V. Sustained poor self-rated health (SRH) during the 3-year follow-up related to exposures: financial situation, education, and managerial responsibility. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), n = 4240.

	Sustained poor SRH
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Exposure	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Financial situation at baseline^a
Strained	1.67*** (1.31–2.13)
Good	0.43*** (0.34–0.54)
Neither good nor strained	Ref
Financial situation at follow-up
Strained		1.88*** (1.46–2.43)
Good		0.46*** (0.37–0.57)
Neither good nor strained		Ref
Change in financial situation^b
Worsening			1.82*** (1.39–2.38)
Improved			0.90 (0.70–1.16)
Unchanged			Ref
Education^a
Further	0.84 (0.69–1.01)	0.87 (0.72–1.06)	0.75** (0.62–0.91)
Non-academic	Ref	Ref	Ref
Managerial responsibility^a
Managerial (top manager)	1.01 (0.80–1.28)	1.01 (0.80–1.28)	0.93 (0.74–1.17)
All others (none and middle)	Ref	Ref	Ref

Logistic regression models, adjusting for personal factors (age, sex, smoking, and BMI).

^aEducation and managerial at baseline.

^bChange in financial situation between baseline and follow-up.

*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 by logistic regression.

Ref = reference category.