Improved life satisfaction and pain reduction: Follow-up of a 5-week multidisciplinary long-term pain rehabilitation programme

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart showing those who attended the programme and filled in questionnaires at the different time points.

Table I. Demographic data.

	t0: admission, n = 164		t1: discharge, n = 133		t2: 1 year, n = 68
	Mean 37.40; SD 9.07		Mean 37.38; SD 8.93		Mean 36.31; SD 9.08
Age (years)	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Gender
Men	47	30.5%	41	30.8%	17	25%
Women	107	69.5%	92	69.2%	51	75%
Origin
Born in Scandinavia^a	135	88.8%	117	88.6%	60	89.6%
Born outside Scandinavia	15	11.2%	15	11.4%	7	10.4%
Education
Secondary school	24	15.6%	20	15.2%	7	10.3%
Upper secondary school	99	64.3%	86	65.6%	44	64.7%
University	26	16.9%	24	18.3%	13	20.0%
Other	2	1.3%	1	0.8%	1	1.5%
Source of income^b
Paid work	42	27.3%	35	26.5%	17	25%
Sickness benefit	123	79.9%	107	81.0%	54	79.4%
Sickness pension	15	9.7%	14	10.6%	3	4.4%
Social allowance	5	3.2%	4	3.0%	1	1.5%
Days not in work^c	658 (SD 415)		661 (SD 423)		678 (SD 401)
Main pain location
Neck	36	23.4%			8	21.1%
Shoulder or arm	21	13.6%			6	15.8%
Thoracic back	5	3.6%			2	5.3%
Lumbar back	11	7.1%			5	13.2%
Head or face	5	3.6%			–	–
Location varies	50	32.5%			15	39.5%
Leg	4	2.6%			1	2.6%
Hip	3	1.9%			1	2.6%
Abdomen	1	0.6%			–	–
Chest	1	0.6%			–	–

The numbers of patients in some lines do not sum up to the total number of patients, and the percentages do not sum up to 100, both because some questions were not answered by all patients. We do not have data to show main pain location at discharge.

^aScandinavia is here defined as Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway.

^bSeveral sources of income are possible.

^cFive patients with more than 2,000 days' absence from work were excluded from this calculation.

Table II. Changes in LiSat-11 domains and MPI scales over time.

	t0: admission Mean (SD)	t1: discharge Mean (SD)	Paired t test
Life Satisfaction (LiSat)
Life as a whole	3.43 (1.07)	3.84 (1.13)	<0.001
Vocation	2.04 (1.25)	2.30 (1.39)	0.015
Economy	2.82 (1.42)	2.87 (1.37)	0.573
Leisure	3.06 (1.24)	3.41 (1.14)	0.001
Contacts	3.69 (1.30)	3.82 (1.30)	0.220
Sexual life	3.09 (1.59)	3.36 (1.62)	0.003
ADL	4.03 (1.22)	4.22 (1.19)	0.103
Family life	4.45 (1.13)	4.66 (1.06)	0.057
Partner relationship	4.55 (1.39)	4.73 (1.36)	0.079
Somatic health	2.31 (1.14)	2.85 (1.27)	<0.001
Psychological health	3.49 (1.23)	3.75 (1.30)	0.002
Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI)
Pain severity	4.21 (0.80)	4.03 (0.99)	0.015
Pain interference	4.38 (0.92)	4.01 (0.92)	>0.001
Life control	2.57 (0.92)	3.02 (1.20)	>0.001
Affective distress	3.38 (1.08)	2.98 (1.31)	>0.001
General activity level	2.46 (0.77)	2.56 (0.74)	0.058

Data were based on all patients who filled in questionnaires at t0 and t1.

SD = standard deviation.

Figure 2. LiSat-11 outcome over time. Values represent all patients that filled in questionnaires at the different time points. Mean values, 1–6. Reference group = mean life satisfaction calculated from data collected from a nationally representative Swedish sample of 2,533 people (7); * = significant change over time, based on those that responded at all three time points.

Table III. Changes in LiSat-11 domains and MPI scales over time.

	t0: admission Mean (SD)	t1: discharge Mean (SD)	t2: 1 year Mean (SD)
Life Satisfaction (LiSat)
Life as a whole*	3.37 (1.11)	3.83 (1.12)	3.82 (1.26)
	Wilks's λ = 0.708, F(2.53) < 10.952, p < 0.000
Vocation*	2.05 (1.29)	2.31 (1.39)	2.95 (1.58)
	Wilks's λ = 0.784, F(2.52) = 7.183, p = 0.002
Economy	2.88 (1.43)	2.90 (1.39)	2.85 (1.40)
	Wilks's λ = 0.934, F(2.56) = 1.99, p = 0.146
Leisure*	3.02 (1.21)	3.42 (1.13)	3.62 (1.21)
	Wilks's λ = 0.720, F(2.55) = 10.703, p < 0.001
Contacts*	3.68 (1.28)	3.83 (1.29)	4.16 (1.13)
	Wilks's λ = 0.849, F(2.56) = 4.97, p = 0.010
Sexual life*	3.17 (1.61)	3.36 (1.61)	3.62 (1.53)
	Wilks's λ = 0.857, F(2.52) = 4.351, p = 0.018)
ADL	4.07 (1.24)	4.19 (1.20)	4.38 (1.18)
	Wilks's λ = 0.966, F(2.55) = 0.966, p = 0.387
Family life	4.49 (1.11)	4.66 (1.03)	4.38 (1.18)
	Wilks's λ = 0.915, F(2.41) = 1.912, p = 0.161
Partner relationship	4.52 (1.43)	4.64 (1.26)	4.89 (1.28)
	Wilks's λ = 0.999, F(2.41) = 0.028, p = 0.973
Somatic health*	2.33 (1.21)	2.82 (1.28)	3.06 (1.22)
	Wilks's λ = 0.686, F(2.55) = 12.60, p < 0.000
Psychological health	3.49 (1.26)	3.76 (1.39)	4.01 (1.32)
	Wilks's λ = 0.846, F(2.55) = 4.994, p < 0.010
Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI)
Pain severity*	4.32 (0.79)	3.87 (0.99)	3.60 (1.12)
	Wilks's λ = 0.627, p < 0.001
Pain interference*	4.38 (0.88)	3.94 (0.93)	3.74 (1.06)
	Wilks's λ = 0.667, p < 0.001
Life control*	2.43 (0.92)	3.11 (1.17)	3.12 (1.19)
	Wilks's λ = 0.701, p = 0.001
Affective distress*	3.44 (1.02)	2.77 (1.37)	2.76 (1.38)
	Wilks's λ = 0.667, p < 0.001
General activity level	3.03 (0.25)	3.04 (0.16)	3.05 (0.08)
	Wilks's λ = 0.972, p = 0.06 (between t1 and t2)

Data are based on only the 68 patients who filled in all three questionnaires. Mean and standard deviations (SD). * = significant at 5% level.

Figure 3. MPI outcome over time. Values represent all patients that filled in questionnaires at the different time points. Data used for ‘General activity level' ‘after one year' are based on only two patients and were not used for statistical analysis. * = Significant change over time based on those that responded at all three time points.

Fugl-Meyer AR, Melin R, Fugl-Meyer KS. Life satisfaction in 18- to 64-year-old Swedes: in relation to gender, age, partner and immigrant status. J Rehabil Med. 2002;34:239–46.

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