Figures & data
FIGURE 1 3rd Conference of the International Society for Biologic Rhythm Research, Hamburg, 1949 (Holmgren et al., Citation1953).
FIGURE 2 4th Conference of the International Society for Biologic Rhythm Research, Basel, 1953 (Menzel et al., Citation1955). The following illustrious chronobiologists can be identified in the photograph: F. Halberg, J. Aschoff, W. Menzel, A. Jores, H. Kalmus, and G. Hildebrandt.
FIGURE 3 Hufeland Die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu verlängern, Jena, akademische Buchhandlung, 1st ed., pp. 550–551 (Hufeland, Citation1797).
FIGURE 4 Thesis of Julien-Joseph Virey presented to the Medical Faculty of Paris in 1814 (Virey, Citation1814). Appreciation is acknowledged to A. Reinberg for providing the author a copy of this thesis.
FIGURE 5 Murat's book, De L'Influence de la Nuit sur les Maladies ou Traité des Maladies Nocturne, on periodic phenomena in health and disease. The table (p. 128) shows data on the monthly ocurrence of the menstrual cycle in relation to the cycle of the moon in one woman. Murat found no corrrelation between the two cyclic phenomena (Murat, Citation1806).
FIGURE 6 Caelius Aurelianus lived in the 5th century. His textbook, De Morbis Acutis et Chronicis, describes the nocturnal occurrence of asthma. Editio nova. Amsterdam, Wetsten (Aurelianus, Citation1722).
FIGURE 7 Front page of Wirsung's Arzney Buch (Wirsung, Citation1568), in which asthma symptoms are described as occurring at night.
FIGURE 8 Textbook of Castello Petro Vasco, Exercitationes Medicinales ad Omnes Thoracis Affectus, decem Tractatibus Absoluta. Raymon Colomerius (Raymundum Colomerium, Regis & Academiae Tolosanae), Toulouse (Vasco, Citation1616).
FIGURE 9 First French edition of Floyer's work on asthma, Traité de l'Asthme. PF Didot le jeune, Paris (Floyer, Citation1761).
FIGURE 10 Coste's Traité des Maladies du Poumon (Coste, Citation1767).
FIGURE 11 Armand Trousseau's book, Clinique Médicale de l'Hotel-Dieu de Paris. J.-B. Baillière et fils, Paris 1868, p. 447 (Trousseau, Citation1868).
FIGURE 12 Textbook on Pharmacology, Lehrbuch der Arzneimittellehre, of R. Buchheim, L. Voss, Leipzig (CitationBuchheim, 1853–1856).
FIGURE 13 First description of a correlation of pulse rate with annotation of music, with mention of the different causes of changes in pulse rate, including season, in Struthius' book, Ars Sphygmica (Struthius, Citation1602).
FIGURE 14 Front pages of the books of Targiri (Targiri, Citation1698) and Hellwig (pseundonym: Kräutermann) (see Hellwig, 1738) describing the so-called office/white coat effect on patients when assessing heart rate and as also appreciated nowadays when assessing blood pressure (see Lemmer, Citation1995).
FIGURE 15 Front page of the book of Bordeu, Recherches sur le Pouls, (de Bordeu, Citation1756) describing “pulse of the doctor” (i.e., office/white-coat effect) (see Lemmer, Citation1995).
FIGURE 16 Cover page of Methodi Vitandorum, description of the pulsilogium, a device invented by Sanctorius (Citation1631b) to measure pulse rate; detailed data are given in Sanctorius' book De Inventione Mediorum (Sanctorius, Citation1631a).
FIGURE 17 From Johann Joachim Quantz's, Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversière zu spielen, first published in 1752; shown on the right is also a reprint of the original in 1906 (Quantz Citation1752, Citation1906).
FIGURE 18 Falconer's Beobachtungen über den Puls, with a table showing pulse rate data of two persons (A, B) in the morning and afternoon. First German edition, J S Heinsius, Leipzig, pp. 27–28 (Falconer, Citation1797).
FIGURE 19 Gandini's Gli Elementi dell' Arte Sfigmica… G. Castello, Napoli (Gandini, Citation1776).
FIGURE 20 Bordenave's Essai sur la Physiologie, describing variations in pulse during wakeness and sleep (Bordenave, Citation1787).
FIGURE 21 Cover page of Zimmermann's book, Von der Erfahrung der Arzneykunst, von J.T. Edlen von Trattnern, Agram (Zimmermann, Citation1793).
FIGURE 22 Reil's Von der Lebenskraft, Archiv für die Physiologie, Gurtsche Buchhandlung, Halle (Reil, Citation1796).
FIGURE 23 Cover page of Autenrieth's Handbuch der empirischen menschlichen Physiologie, Part 1. Tübingen, JF Heerbrandt, 1801 (Autenrieth, Citation1801, pp. 209, 277, 343).
FIGURE 24 Cover page of Wilhelm's Unterhaltungen über den Menschen, Martin Engelbrecht'sche Kunsthandlung, Augsburg (Wilhelm, Citation1806a).
FIGURE 25 Barthez's Nouveaux Éléments de la Science de L'Homme. Second Édition, Paris, Goujon et Brunot (Barthez, Citation1806).
FIGURE 26 Stephan Hales' famous book, Haemostaticks, the German edition form 1748. (Hales, Citation1748b) Right: A contemparatory picture showing Hale's experiment of determining the blood pressure in a living horse.
FIGURE 27 Blood pressure monitoring during sleep at night by use of a long stethoscope (Katsch & Pansdorf, Citation1922).
FIGURE 28 James Hope's Von den Krankheiten des Herzens und der grossen Gefässe. German edition, Berlin, Verlag Theodor Christian Friedrich Enslin (Hope, Citation1833).
FIGURE 29 Elsner's Beyträge zur Fieber = Lehre, Wagner und Denzel, Königsberg (Elsner, Citation1782).
FIGURE 30 The weighing chair (sella sedento) of Sanctorius Sanctorius shown in his book, De Statica Medicina, with which he determined the perspiration insensibilis and performed around-the-clock experiments on himself for 30 yrs (Sanctorius, Citation1664).
FIGURE 31 Sanctorius Sanctorius' De Statica Medicina Aphorismorum, in which he calcuated the water loss due to perspiration during sleep (Sanctorius, Citation1753).
FIGURE 32 Wunderlich's Verhalten der Eigenwärme in Krankheiten, O. Wigand, Leipzig (Wunderlich, Citation1868).
FIGURE 33 Medicus's Geschichte periodischer Krankheiten, first book, M. Macklot, Carlsruhe (Medicus, Citation1764).
FIGURE 34 Sprengel's Handbuch der Pathologie. Leipzig, Kühnsche Buchhandlung, p. 135/230 (Sprengel, Citation1810, pp. 135, 136, 230, 231).
FIGURE 35 First and only edition in German of Testa's book, Delle Malattie del Cuore, Loro Cagioni, Specie, Segni e Cura (Testa, Citation1815).
FIGURE 36 Observation of winter depression by Medicus in Geschichte periodischer Krankheiten, M. Macklot, Carlsruhe (Medicus, Citation1764).
FIGURE 37 Front page of Malachias Geiger's book on depression, Microcosmus Hypochondriacus Sive de Melancholia … (Geiger, Citation1652). Below the title cylinder, the melancholic patient is lying in his bed; to his right the physician is presenting him a medicine; to his left the devil is blowing sounds of hypochondric hallucinations in his ear. At the lower left, the black hellebore flower (containing toxic saponines and the narcotic poison helleborine) is shown as a remedy for depression (the description of the copperplate print is given in Geiger's book).
FIGURE 38 Sleep disturbance in a depressed patient. Sprengel Handbuch der Pathologie. Leipzig, Kühnsche Buchhandlung, p. 309 (Sprengel, Citation1810, pp. 135,136, 230, 231).
FIGURE 39 Marx's Zur Klinik des Hypophysenzwischenhirnsystems. 2. Mittelung Hypophysäre Insuffizienz (Marx, Citation1946).
FIGURE 40 The Whole Works of the Excellent Practical Physician Dr. Thomas Sydenham (Sydenham, Citation1697).
FIGURE 41 Daily variation in the symptoms of gout as described by Coste in Traité-Pratique de La Goutte (Coste, Citation1768).
FIGURE 42 Daily pattern in the symptoms of gout described in Sprengel's Handbuch der Pathologie, second part, Schäfersche Buchhandlung, Leipzig (Sprengel, Citation1810, p. 125).
FIGURE 43 Daily pattern in the symptoms of rheumatic fever as described by Sprengel (Citation1807).
FIGURE 44 Virey's data (repeated plotted across two consecutive 24 h spans) on the time of day of deaths (Virey Thèse, Université de Paris, 1814). The absolute peak is found around 6 o'clock. Data were recalculated and analyzed by the author using Chronos-Fit (Zuther & Lemmer, 2004).
FIGURE 45 Cover page of Casper's book, Denkwürdigkeiten zur medicinischen Statistik und Staatsarzneikunde, Publ. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin (Casper, Citation1846).
FIGURE 46 Tables from Casper's book, Denkwürdigkeiten zur medicinischen Statistik und Staatsarzneikunde, on the time of day in the ocurrence of death from various causes in Berlin (Casper, Citation1846).
FIGURE 47 Table from Casper's book, Denkwürdigkeiten zur medicinischen Statistik und Staatsarzneikunde, on the time of day of girl's and boy's birth in Berlin (Casper, Citation1846).
FIGURE 48 Month of birth and month of death of members of the author's family based on data available from 1450–2008. Data were assembled by use of MacFamilyTree (unpublished, the author's own family; Lemmer, Citation2009).
