Energy and nutrient intakes and adherence to dietary guidelines among Finnish adults with type 1 diabetes

Figures & data

Table I. Description of the study population.

	Men n = 322 (39%)	Women n = 495 (61%)
Age (years)	51 (40–60)	47 (37–54)
Diabetes duration (years)	33 (21–44)	32 (21–40)
Low socio-economic status^a (%)	46	45
Current smoking (%)	15	13
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	25 (24–27)	25 (23–27)
Blood pressure (mmHg)
Systolic	140 (129–153)	130 (119–142)
Diastolic	79 (72–87)	76 (70–82)
HbA1c (%)	7.9 (7.2–8.7)	8.1 (7.3–8.8)
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.99 (0.69–1.32)	0.80 (0.60–1.10)
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.4 (3.9–5.1)	4.6 (4.1–5.2)
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.6 (1.3–1.9)	1.8 (1.5–2.2)

Data shown as median (interquartile range) for continuous non-normally distributed variables and frequency (%) for categorical variables.

^aBlue-collar workers.

Table II. Mean daily energy, macronutrient, alcohol, fibre, and salt intakes of Finnish adults with type 1 diabetes and compliance with the recommendations.

Nutrient (recommended intake^a)	Men^b n = 322 (39%)	Women^b n = 495 (61%)	All^b n = 817	Intake below recommendation^c	Recommendation achieved^c	Intake above recommendation^c
Energy, MJ	8.8 ± 2.1	7.2 ± 1.7	7.8 ± 2.1	NA	NA	NA
Carbohydrate, E% ^d (45–60 E%)	44.5 ± 6.8	45.5 ± 6.5	45.1 ± 6.6	48 (39.7 ± 4.5)	51 (49.8 ± 3.5)	1 (61.7 ± 2.3)
Sucrose, E% (< 10 E%)	6.7 ± 3.3	8.2 ± 3.6	7.6 ± 3.5	NA	77 (6.1 ± 2.2)	23 (12.5 ± 2.7)
Fibre, g (≥ 40 g)	24.5 ± 9.0	22.5 ± 7.6	23.3 ± 8.2	96 (22.4 ± 6.9)	4 (46.1 ± 7.0)	NA
Fibre, g/4.2 MJ (≥ 20 g/4.2 MJ)	11.9 ± 3.9	13.4 ± 4.3	12.9 ± 4.2	94 (12.2 ± 3.4)	6 (22.6 ± 2.4)	NA
Protein, E% (10–20 E%)	16.7 ± 3.0	16.8 ± 2.7	16.7 ± 2.8	0	90 (16.1 ± 2.1)	10 (22.1 ± 2.7)
Fat, E% (25–35 E%)	34.0 ± 6.3	33.7 ± 6.1	33.8 ± 6.2	7 (22.3 ± 2.5)	52 (30.9 ± 2.6)	41 (39.6 ± 4.0)
Saturated fatty acids, E% (< 10 E%)	12.0 ± 3.1	11.8 ± 3.2	11.8 ± 3.1	NA	28 (8.3 ± 1.4)	72 (13.2 ± 2.4)
Monounsaturated fatty acids, E% (10–20 E%)	11.4 ± 2.6	11.3 ± 2.6	11.4 ± 2.6	30 (8.5 ± 1.2)	70 (12.5 ± 1.8)	<1 (22.2 ± 2.8)
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, E% (5–10 E%)	5.6 ± 1.5	5.7 ± 1.5	5.7 ± 1.5	36 (4.2 ± 0.6)	63 (6.3 ± 1.1)	1 (11.0 ± 0.8)
Cholesterol, mg	265 ± 106	206 ± 75	229 ± 93	NA	NA	NA
Cholesterol, mg/MJ	26.6 ± 4.1	27.2 ± 3.9	27.0 ± 4.0	NA	NA	NA
Alcohol, E% (< 5 E%)	1.3 (0–23)	0.9 (0–23)	1.0 (0–23)	NA	82 (1.1 ± 1.4)	18 (9.2 ± 4.3)
Alcohol, g	3.9 (0–119)	2.0 (0–56)	2.9 (0–119)	NA	NA	NA
NaCl, g (< 6 g)	8.3 ± 2.1	6.6 ± 1.6	7.2 ± 2.0	NA	27 (5.0 ± 0.8)	73 (8.1 ± 1.6)

^aRecommendations established by the Finnish Diabetes Association.

^bMean ± SD or median (range).

^cThe values are percentage of subjects in the category and their intake (mean ± SD).

^dPercentage of total energy intake.

NA = not applicable.

Table III. Mean micronutrient densities of the diets among Finnish adults with type 1 diabetes.

Nutrient (recommendation/MJ^a)	Men n = 322 (39%)	Women n = 495 (61%)	All n = 817	%^b
Vitamins
Vitamin A (80 mg RE)	120 ± 163	128 ± 99	125 ± 128	67
Vitamin D (1 μg)	0.90 ± 0.56	0.91 ± 0.58	0.90 ± 0.57	32
Vitamin E (0.9 mg TE)	1.17 ± 0.27	1.33 ± 0.31	1.26 ± 0.30	92
Thiamine (0.12 mg)	0.20 ± 0.05	0.20 ± 0.05	0.20 ± 0.05	98
Riboflavin (0.14 mg)	0.24 ± 0.06	0.26 ± 0.06	0.25 ± 0.06	99
Vitamin B6 (0.13 mg)	0.27 ± 0.07	0.27 ± 0.08	0.27 ± 0.08	100
Folate (45 μg)	37.9 ± 12.4	40.7 ± 11.9	39.6 ± 12.2	23
Vitamin C (8 mg)	14.8 ± 6.6	20.4 ± 10.4	18.2 ± 9.5	91
Minerals
Calcium (100 mg)	128 ± 41	146 ± 42	139 ± 43	82
Phosphorus (80 mg)	201 ± 35	208 ± 39	205 ± 38	100
Potassium (350 mg)	505 ± 93	560 ± 127	538 ± 118	97
Magnesium (35 mg)	49 ± 8	52 ± 10	51 ± 10	97
Iron (1.6 mg)	1.6 ± 0.4	1.7 ± 0.4	1.7 ± 0.4	51
Zinc (1.1 mg)	1.6 ± 0.3	16 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.3	97
Iodine (17 μg)	28 ± 6	28 ± 6	28 ± 6	98
Selenium (4 μg)	8.5 ± 1.7	8.5 ± 1.7	8.5 ± 1.7	100

Data shown as mean ± SD.

^aRecommendations established by the National Nutrition Council.

^bPercentage of patients reaching the recommended intake.

RE = retinol equivalent; TE = tocopherol equivalent.

Table IV. Self-reported compliance with dietary guidance and the frequencies of achieving dietary recommendations.

	Compliant^b, n = 494 (61%)			Non-compliant^c, n = 311 (39%)
Recommendation^a	Intake below recommendation	Recommendation achieved	Intake above recommendation	Intake below recommendation	Recommendation achieved	Intake above recommendation	P^d
Carbohydrate intake 45–60 E%^e	44 (40.1 ± 3.9)	55 (50.2 ± 3.7)	1 (62.6 ± 2.8)	54 (39.3 ± 5.1)	45 (49.2 ± 3.1)	1 (60.5 ± 0.2)	0.004
Sucrose intake < 10 E%	NA	77 (6.1 ± 2.2)	23 (12.4 ± 2.7)	NA	78 (6.2 ± 2.2)	23 (12.8 ± 2.6)	0.864
Fibre intake ≥ 40 g	96 (23.0 ± 7.0)	4 (47.5 ± 8.4)	NA	96 (21.6 ± 6.8)	4 (43.7 ± 2.5)	NA	1.000
Fibre intake ≥ 20 g/4.2 MJ	94 (11.4 ± 3.4)	6 (21.9 ± 1.9)	NA	95 (11.4 ± 3.4)	5 (21.9 ± 1.9)	NA	0.358
Protein intake 10–20 E%	0	88 (16.3 ± 2.1)	12 (22.1 ± 2.9)	0	94 (15.9 ± 2.1)	6 (22.0 ± 2.1)	0.008
Fat intake 25–35 E%	8 (22.0 ± 2.8)	57 (30.7 ± 2.6)	35 (39.2 ± 3.5)	6 (23.1 ± 1.6)	45 (31.2 ± 2.5)	49 (40.1 ± 4.6)	0.002
SAFA intake < 10 E%	NA	35 (8.3 ± 1.4)	65 (12.9 ± 2.2)	NA	17 (8.2 ± 1.5)	83 (13.6 ± 2.7)	<0.001
MUFA intake 10–20 E%	34 (8.5 ± 1.3)	66 (12.3 ± 1.7)	<1 (21.1 ± 0.0)	23 (8.6 ± 1.0)	76 (12.7 ± 1.9)	1 (22.6 ± 3.9)	0.003
PUFA intake 5–10 E%	34 (4.2 ± 0.6)	65 (6.4 ± 1.1)	1 (11.0 ± 0.7)	38 (4.2 ± 0.6)	60 (6.3 ± 1.1)	2 (11.0 ± 0.9)	0.178
Alcohol intake < 5 E%	NA	85 (1.1 ± 1.4)	15 (8.8 ± 4.2)	NA	78 (1.1 ± 1.4)	22 (9.8 ± 4.4)	0.023

Data are presented as percentage of subjects in the category and their intake (mean ± SD).

^aRecommendations established by the Finnish Diabetes Association.

^bComplying with dietary guidance always or most of the time.

^cComplying with dietary guidance sometimes, seldom, or never.

^dStatistical comparison (chi-square) between the proportions of patients achieving the recommendations in compliant versus non-compliant subgroups.

^ePercentage of total energy intake.

SAFA = saturated fatty acids; MUFA = monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA = polyunsaturated fatty acids; NA = not applicable.

Table V. Mean micronutrient densities of the diets in groups of self-reported dietary compliance.

Nutrient (recommendation/MJ^a)	Compliant^b n = 494 (61%)	%^c	Non-compliant^d n = 311 (39%)	%^c	P^e
Vitamins
Vitamin A (80 mg RE)	129 ± 132	69	120 ± 123	63	0.065
Vitamin D (1 mg)	0.92 ± 0.53	33	0.86 ± 0.58	30	0.438
Vitamin E (0.9 mg TE)	1.28 ± 0.29	93	1.24 ± 0.32	89	0.064
Thiamine (0.12 mg)	0.20 ± 0.05	99	0.19 ± 0.05	97	0.041
Riboflavin (0.14 mg)	0.26 ± 0.06	99	0.25 ± 0.06	99	1.000
Vitamin B6 (0.13 mg)	0.28 ± 0.08	100	0.26 ± 0.07	99	0.563
Folate (45 μg)	41.0 ± 12.2	26	37.3 ± 11.9	18	0.008
Vitamin C (8 mg)	19.1 ± 9.7	94	16.7 ± 9.0	86	0.001
Minerals
Calcium (100 mg)	139 ± 44	81	138 ± 40	84	0.297
Phosphorus (80 mg)	209 ± 39	100	199 ± 34	100	1.000
Potassium (350 mg)	554 ± 118	98	510 ± 114	94	0.002
Magnesium (35 mg)	52 ± 10	98	49 ± 9	96	0.289
Iron (1.6 mg)	1.7 ± 0.4	58	1.6 ± 0.4	39	<0.001
Zinc (1.1 mg)	1.6 ± 0.3	98	1.5 ± 0.3	95	0.011
Iodine (17 mg)	29 ± 6	99	27 ± 6	97	0.041
Selenium (4 μg)	8.6 ± 1.7	100	8.3 ± 1.6	100	1.000

Data shown as mean ± SD.

^aRecommendations established by the National Nutrition Council.

^bComplying with dietary guidance always or most of the time.

^cPercentage of patients reaching the recommended intake.

^dComplying with dietary guidance sometimes, seldom, or never

^eStatistical comparison (chi-square) between the proportions of patients achieving the recommendations in compliant versus non-compliant subgroups.

RE = retinol equivalent; TE = tocopherol equivalent.