Figure 1. JNKs, apoptotic factors, chaperonins (HSP-70), and cytokines (TNF-α) involved in cell death.
Figure 2. The mammalian target of rapamycin and its correlation to angiogenesis, mitochondrial metabolism, and adipogenesis. Pathway diagram reproduced courtesy of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (www.cellsignal.com).
Figure 3. Likely mechanisms involving mTOR, amino acids sensing functions and ER stress.
Figure 4. Main substances activating the mTOR pathway cascade.
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