Figures & data
Table I. Inducers of self-ligands for activating immune receptors.
Jung H, Hsiung B, Pestal K, Procyk E, Raulet DH. RAE-1 ligands for the NKG2D receptor are regulated by E2F transcription factors, which control cell cycle entry. J Exp Med. 2012;209:2409–22. Gasser S, Orsulic S, Brown EJ, Raulet DH. The DNA damage pathway regulates innate immune system ligands of the NKG2D receptor. Nature. 2005;436:1186–90. Cerboni C, Zingoni A, Cippitelli M, Piccoli M, Frati L, Santoni A. Antigen-activated human T lymphocytes express cell-surface NKG2D ligands via an ATM/ATR-dependent mechanism and become susceptible to autologous NK- cell lysis. Blood. 2007;110:606–15. Hamerman JA, Ogasawara K, Lanier LL. Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor signaling in macrophages induces ligands for the NKG2D receptor. J Immunol. 2004;172:2001–5. Tokuyama M, Lorin C, Delebecque F, Jung H, Raulet DH, Coscoy L. Expression of the RAE-1 family of stimulatory NK-cell ligands requires activation of the PI3K pathway during viral infection and transformation. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7:e1002265. Nomura M, Takihara Y, Shimada K. Isolation and characterization of retinoic acid-inducible cDNA clones in F9 cells: one of the early inducible clones encodes a novel protein sharing several highly homologous regions with a Drosophila polyhomeotic protein. Differentiation. 1994;57:39–50. Zou Z, Nomura M, Takihara Y, Yasunaga T, Shimada K. Isolation and characterization of retinoic acid-inducible cDNA clones in F9 cells: a novel cDNA family encodes cell surface proteins sharing partial homology with MHC class I molecules. J Biochem. 1996;119:319–28. Whang M, Guerra N, Raulet D. Costimulation of dendritic epidermal gammadelta T cells by a new NKG2D ligand expressed specifically in the skin. J Immunol. 2009;182:4557–64. Nice TJ, Coscoy L, Raulet DH. Posttranslational regulation of the NKG2D ligand Mult1 in response to cell stress. J Exp Med. 2009; 206:287–98. Nice TJ, Deng W, Coscoy L, Raulet DH. Stress-regulated targeting of the NKG2D ligand Mult1 by a membrane-associated RING-CH family E3 ligase. J Immunol. 2010;185:5369–76. Venkataraman GM, Suciu D, Groh V, Boss JM, Spies T. Promoter region architecture and transcriptional regulation of the genes for the MHC class I-related chain A and B ligands of NKG2D. J Immunol. 2007;178:961–9. Groh V, Bahram S, Bauer S, Herman A, Beauchamp M, Spies T. Cell stress-regulated human major histocompatibility complex class I gene expressed in gastrointestinal epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:12445–50. Gannage M, Buzyn A, Bogiatzi SI, Lambert M, Soumelis V, Dal Cortivo L, et al. Induction of NKG2D ligands by gamma radiation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha may participate in the tissue damage during acute graft-versus-host disease. Transplantation. 2008;85: 911–15. Jinushi M, Takehara T, Kanto T, Tatsumi T, Groh V, Spies T, et al. Critical role of MHC class I-related chain A and B expression on IFN-alpha-stimulated dendritic cells in NK cell activation: impairment in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Immunol. 2003;170:1249–56. Tang KF, He CX, Zeng GL, Wu J, Song GB, Shi YS, et al. Induction of MHC class I-related chain B (MICB) by 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;370:578–83. Textor S, Fiegler N, Arnold A, Porgador A, Hofmann TG, Cerwenka A. Human NK cells are alerted to induction of p53 in cancer cells by upregulation of the NKG2D ligands ULBP1 and ULBP2. Cancer Res. 2011;71:5998–6009. Pappworth IY, Wang EC, Rowe M. The switch from latent to productive infection in epstein-barr virus-infected B cells is associated with sensitization to NK cell killing. J Virol. 2007;81:474–82. Ward J, Davis Z, DeHart J, Zimmerman E, Bosque A, Brunetta E, et al. HIV-1 Vpr triggers natural killer cell-mediated lysis of infected cells through activation of the ATR-mediated DNA damage response. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000613. Norman JM, Mashiba M, McNamara LA, Onafuwa-Nuga A, Chiari-Fort E, Shen W, et al. The antiviral factor APOBEC3G enhances the recognition of HIV-infected primary T cells by natural killer cells. Nat Immunol. 2011;12:975–83. Ebihara T, Masuda H, Akazawa T, Shingai M, Kikuta H, Ariga T, et al. Induction of NKG2D ligands on human dendritic cells by TLR ligand stimulation and RNA virus infection. Int Immunol. 2007;19:1145–55. Pham TN, Richard J, Gerard FC, Power C, Cohen ÉA. Modulation of NKG2D-mediated cytotoxic functions of natural killer cells by viral protein R from HIV-1 primary isolates. J Virol. 2011;85:12254–61. Soriani A, Zingoni A, Cerboni C, Iannitto ML, Ricciardi MR, Di Gialleonardo V, et al. ATM-ATR-dependent up-regulation of DNAM-1 and NKG2D ligands on multiple myeloma cells by therapeutic agents results in enhanced NK-cell susceptibility and is associated with a senescent phenotype. Blood. 2009;113:3503–11. Ardolino M, Zingoni A, Cerboni C, Cecere F, Soriani A, Iannitto ML, et al. DNAM-1 ligand expression on Ag-stimulated T lymphocytes is mediated by ROS-dependent activation of DNA-damage response: relevance for NK-T cell interaction. Blood. 2011;117:4778–86. Guo Z, Kozlov S, Lavin MF, Person MD, Paull TT. ATM activation by oxidative stress. Science. 2010;330:517–21. Pende D, Castriconi R, Romagnani P, Spaggiari GM, Marcenaro S, Dondero A, et al. Expression of the DNAM-1 ligands, Nectin-2 (CD112) and poliovirus receptor (CD155), on dendritic cells: relevance for natural killer-dendritic cell interaction. Blood. 2006;107:2030–6. Hirota T, Irie K, Okamoto R, Ikeda W, Takai Y. Transcriptional activation of the mouse Necl-5/Tage4/PVR/CD155 gene by fibroblast growth factor or oncogenic Ras through the Raf-MEK-ERK-AP-1 pathway. Oncogene. 2005;24:2229–35. Kamran N, Takai Y, Miyoshi J, Biswas SK, Wong JS, Gasser S. Toll-like receptor ligands induce expression of the costimulatory molecule CD155 on antigen-presenting cells. PLoS One. 2013;8:e54406. Magri G, Muntasell A, Romo N, Sáez-Borderías A, Pende D, Geraghty DE, et al. NKp46 and DNAM-1 NK-cell receptors drive the response to human cytomegalovirus-infected myeloid dendritic cells overcoming viral immune evasion strategies. Blood. 2011;117: 848–56. Solecki DJ, Gromeier M, Mueller S, Bernhardt G, Wimmer E. Expression of the human poliovirus receptor/CD155 gene is activated by sonic hedgehog. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:25697–702. Gorgoulis VG, Zacharatos P, Kotsinas A, Kletsas D, Mariatos G, Zoumpourlis V, et al. p53 activates ICAM-1 (CD54) expression in an NF-kappaB-independent manner. EMBO J. 2003;22:1567–78. Gorgoulis VG, Pratsinis H, Zacharatos P, Demoliou C, Sigala F, Asimacopoulos PJ, et al. p53-dependent ICAM-1 overexpression in senescent human cells identified in atherosclerotic lesions. Lab Invest. 2005;85:502–11. Roebuck KA, Finnegan A. Regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (CD54) gene expression. J Leukoc Biol. 1999;66:876–88. Aoudjit F, Brochu N, Morin N, Poulin G, Stratowa C, Audette M. Heterodimeric retinoic acid receptor-beta and retinoid X receptor-alpha complexes stimulate expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene. Cell Growth Differ. 1995;6:515–21. Saklatvala J, Davis W, Guesdon F. Interleukin 1 (IL1) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) signal transduction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1996;351:151–7. Song S, Ling-Hu H, Roebuck KA, Rabbi MF, Donnelly RP, Finnegan A. Interleukin-10 inhibits interferon-gamma-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene transcription in human monocytes. Blood. 1997;89:4461–9. Owen SM, Rudolph DL, Dezzutti CS, Shibata N, Naik S, Caughman SW, et al. Transcriptional activation of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54) gene by human T lymphotropic virus types I and II Tax is mediated through a palindromic response element. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1997;13:1429–37. Hu KQ, Yu CH, Vierling JM. Up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 transcription by hepatitis B virus X protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:11441–5. Pogge von Strandmann E, Simhadri VR, von Tresckow B, Sasse S, Reiners KS, Hansen HP, et al. Human leukocyte antigen-B-associated transcript 3 is released from tumor cells and engages the NKp30 receptor on natural killer cells. Immunity. 2007;27:965–74. Sasaki T, Gan EC, Wakeham A, Kornbluth S, Mak TW, Okada H. HLA-B-associated transcript 3 (Bat3)/Scythe is essential for p300-mediated acetylation of p53. Genes Dev. 2007;21:848–61. Simhadri VR, Reiners KS, Hansen HP, Topolar D, Simhadri VL, Nohroudi K, et al. Dendritic cells release HLA-B-associated transcript-3 positive exosomes to regulate natural killer function. PLoS One. 2008;3:e3377. Kamper N, Franken S, Temme S, Koch S, Bieber T, Koch N. gamma-Interferon-regulated chaperone governs human lymphocyte antigen class II expression. FASEB J. 2012;26:104–16. Brandt CS, Baratin M, Yi EC, Kennedy J, Gao Z, Fox B, et al. The B7 family member B7-H6 is a tumor cell ligand for the activating natural killer cell receptor NKp30 in humans. J Exp Med. 2009;206: 1495–503. Arnon TI, Achdout H, Levi O, Markel G, Saleh N, Katz G, et al. Inhibition of the NKp30 activating receptor by pp65 of human cytomegalovirus. Nat Immunol. 2005;6:515–23. Rosental B, Brusilovsky M, Hadad U, Oz D, Appel MY, Afergan F, et al. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is a novel inhibitory ligand for the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp44. J Immunol. 2011;187:5693–702. Bloushtain N, Qimron U, Bar-Ilan A, Hershkovitz O, Gazit R, Fima E, et al. Membrane-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans are involved in the recognition of cellular targets by NKp30 and NKp46. J Immunol. 2004;173:2392–401. Garg A, Barnes PF, Porgador A, Roy S, Wu S, Nanda JS, et al. Vimentin expressed on Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human monocytes is involved in binding to the NKp46 receptor. J Immunol. 2006;177:6192–8. Jarahian M, Watzl C, Fournier P, Arnold A, Djandji D, Zahedi S, et al. Activation of natural killer cells by newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase. J Virol. 2009;83:8108–21. Mandelboim O, Lieberman N, Lev M, Paul L, Arnon TI, Bushkin Y, et al. Recognition of haemagglutinins on virus-infected cells by NKp46 activates lysis by human NK cells. Nature. 2001;409:1055–60. Jarahian M, Fiedler M, Cohnen A, Djandji D, Hämmerling GJ, Gati C, et al. Modulation of NKp30- and NKp46-mediated natural killer cell responses by poxviral hemagglutinin. PLoS Pathog. 2011; 7:e1002195. Welte S, Kuttruff S, Waldhauer I, Steinle A. Mutual activation of natural killer cells and monocytes mediated by NKp80-AICL interaction. Nat Immunol. 2006;7:1334–42.