Risk factors of hypertensive pregnancies in women with diabetes and the influence on their future life

Figures & data

Table I. Risk factors for gestational hypertension.

Risk factor	No diabetes	T1D	T2D	GDM
Nulliparity	x	x	x	x
Previous PE	x	x	x	NA
Family history of PE	x	NA	NA	NA
Twin pregnancy	x	NA	NA	NA
Age (< 20 or > 40 years)	x	x	x	x
Obesity	x	x	x	x
Diabetes duration	NA	x	x	NA
Kidney disease	x	x	x	x
Glycaemic control	NA	x	x	x
Vascular disease	x	x	x	x
Antiphospholipid antibodies	x	NA	NA	NA
Connective tissue disease	x	NA	NA	NA

GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus; NA = not applicable; PE = pre-eclampsia; T1D = type 1 diabetes; T2D = type 2 diabetes.

Table II. Pre-eclampsia (PE) and chronic hyperglycaemia during pregnancy as predictors for diabetic nephropathy later in life in a logistic regression analysis.

	OR	95% CI	P value	Adjusted OR	95% CI	P value
PE	7.4	2.7–20.5	< 0.001	7.7^a	1.6–36.1^a	0.01^a
HbA1c trimester I	3.2	1.5–6.9	0.003	3.2^b	1.3–7.9^b	0.01^b
HbA1c trimester II	3.7	1.8–7.9	< 0.001	4.0^b	1.7–9.8^b	0.002^b
HbA1c trimester III	2.1	1.2–3.6	0.01	2.0^b	1.1–3.8^b	0.03 ^b

Modified with permission from Gordin et al. 2007. HbA_1c refers to elevated HbA_1c values in each trimester.

^aAdjusted for BMI, follow-up time, smoking, duration of diabetes, age, and the average of the HbA_1c measurements during all three trimesters.

^bAdjusted for BMI, follow-up time, smoking, duration of diabetes, and age.

Figure 1. Pre-eclampsia and risk of fatal and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease events in later life. Modified with permission from Bellamy et al. 2007.