Vascular inflammation and aortic stiffness relate to early left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in prehypertension

Figures & data

Table I. Baseline anagraphic, anthropometric, hemodynamic and biochemical parameters in the study population.

Variable	Controls (n = 31)	Prehypertensives (n = 31)	p
Age (years)	32 ± 5	34 ± 6	0.16
Gender (M), n (%)	21 (67.7)	20 (64.5)	0.78
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.8 ± 1.6	25.8 ± 3.1	0.62
BSA (m^2)	1.81 ± 0.1	1.8 ± 0.1	0.47
SBP (mmHg)	108.2 ± 9.6	131.9 ± 5.1	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	66.6 ± 6.6	82.2 ± 5.6	< 0.001
Mean BP (mmHg)	80.5 ± 6.4	98.8 ± 4.5	< 0.001
PP (mmHg)	41.6 ± 9.0	49.7 ± 6.4	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	206.6 ± 41.3	200.4 ± 44	0.57
TG (mg/dl)	124.6 ± 48.6	144.9 ± 82.3	0.54
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)	45.5 ± 10.1	44.4 ± 11.7	0.97
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)	137.1 ± 42.8	127.0 ± 40.1	0.32
Serum glucose (mg/dl)	94.0 ± 6.9	97.3 ± 7.8	0.08
Serum insulin (μU/ml)	8.94 ± 3.3	10.4 ± 2.7	0.16
HOMA-IR	2.09 ± 1.3	2.5 ± 0.7	0.10
WBC ( × 10^9/l)	8.6 ± 0.1	11.7 ± 0.8	< 0.001
hs-CRP (μg/dl)	84.2 ± 34.6	170.4 ± 41.9	< 0.001
Heart rate (beats/min)	71 ± 9	73 ± 12	0.27

Data are shown as means ± SD. BMI, body mass index; BSA, body surface area; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure, TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; WBC, white blood cell; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Table II. Echocardiographic findings in the population of the study.

Variable	Controls (n = 31)	Prehypertensives (n = 31)	p
LVIDd (mm)	45.1 ± 1.9	45.6 ± 1.9	0.26
LVIDs (mm) (median)	26.4 ± 1.7	26.3 ± 1.8	0.83
IVSd (mm)	9.3 ± 1.1	9.3 ± 1.4	0.84
IVSs (mm)	13.3 ± 1.0	13.3 ± 1.5	0.92
LVPWd (mm) (median)	8.1 ± 1.3	8.5 ± 1.6	0.19
LVPWs (mm) (median)	12.4 ± 1.4	12.9 ± 1.75	0.26
LVEF (%)	65.6 ± 3.9	66.8 ± 3.2	0.22
LVMI (gr/m^2)	107.4 ± 14.5	112.1 ± 13.2	0.11
Left atrial diameter (mm)	32.8 ± 3.0	34.0 ± 2.9	0.09

Data are shown as means ± SD. LVIDd, left ventricular internal diameter (diastolic); LVIDs, left ventricular internal diameter (systolic); IVSd, interventricular septum thickness (diastolic); IVSs, interventricular septum thickness (systolic); LVPWd, left ventricular posterior wall thickness (diastolic); LVPWs, left ventricular posterior wall thickness (systolic); LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI, left ventricular mass index.

Figure 1. Mean (± standard deviation) values of E/A ratio, deceleration time and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) in healthy controls and in subjects with prehypertension. Statistical significance between data obtained in the two groups is shown.

Figure 2. Mean (± standard deviation) values of aortic systolic (ASD) and diastolic (ADD) diameter, diameter change, aortic distensibility, strain and stiffness index beta in healthy controls and in subjects with prehypertension. Statistical significance between data obtained in the two groups is shown.

Figure 3. Values of beta multiple linear regression coefficient with E/A as the dependent variable. For each value, 95% confidence intervals and p-value are shown.