Myocardial performance index and aortic distensibility in patients with different left ventricle geometry in newly diagnosed essential hypertension

Figures & data

Figure 1. The calculation of tissue Doppler-derived left ventricle myocardial performance index (ICT, isovolumic contraction time; ET, ejection time; IRT, isovolumic relaxation time).

Table I. Comparisons of baseline characteristics among the groups.

Variables	Control (n = 39)	Normal geometry (n = 27)	Concentric remodelling (n = 33)	Concentric hypertrophy (n = 87)	Eccentric hypertrophy (n = 34)	p-value ANOVA
Age (years)	51.2 ± 5.1	52.2 ± 4.3	51.5 ± 4.9	51.8 ± 6.2	51.3 ± 4.5	0.947
Gender (male), n (%)	18 (46.2%)	13 (48.1%)	16 (48.5%)	41 (47.1%)	13 (38.2%)	0.910
Smoking, n (%)	12 (30.8%)	8 (29.6%)	11 (33.3%)	29 (33.3%)	12 (35.3%)	0.984
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	26.7 ± 1.3^a	27.2 ± 3.2^aa	30.0 ± 4.6	29.3 ± 4.3	27.7 ± 3.8	0.001
Body surface area (m^2)	1.88 ± 0.1^¶	1.77 ± 0.2	1.84 ± 0.19	1.81 ± 0.15	1.67 ± 0.17^¶¶	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	116.7 ± 8.0^b	159.4 ± 7.8	159.1 ± 19.7	165.5 ± 17.1^bb	154.1 ± 18.3	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	71.9 ± 7.4^c	100.7 ± 6.6	102.9 ± 12.2	109.1 ± 12.8^cc	100.0 ± 14.4	< 0.001
Pulse pressure (mmHg)	44.0 ± 6.0^d	58.7 ± 4.7	56.2 ± 15.9	56.4 ± 10.0	54.1 ± 5.1	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	171.3 ± 27.5^e	184.1 ± 29.5	196.8 ± 22.7	188.8 ± 40.8	198.1 ± 21.7	0.019
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	164.3 ± 31.6	181.8 ± 62.4	173.4 ± 35.6	161.5 ± 46.9	173.2 ± 32.9	0.245
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)	41.1 ± 4.7	43.1 ± 6.2^ee	38.8 ± 5.6	41.3 ± 7.3	40.7 ± 6.1	0.140
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)	97.4 ± 26.5^f	104.7 ± 21.8^ff	123.3 ± 19.9	115.1 ± 33.7	115.7 ± 19.9	0.004
Fasting glucose (mg/dl)	80.5 ± 6.4^g	91.9 ± 7.4	92.2 ± 8.8	93.4 ± 9.5	92.3 ± 4.0	< 0.001
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.73 ± 0.18	0.73 ± 0.13	0.88 ± 0.15^h	0.92 ± 0.18^hh	0.78 ± 0.04	< 0.001

SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein. ^ap = 0.001 vs CR group, p = 0.002 vs CH group and p = 0.009 vs EH group; ^aap = 0.004 vs CR group, p = 0.010 vs CH group and p = 0.029 vs EH group; ^¶p = 0.010 vs NG, p = 0.038 vs CH and p < 0.001 vs EH; ^¶¶p<.001 vs CR and CH, p = 0.013 vs NG; ^bp < 0.001 vs NG, CR, CH and EH groups; ^bbp = 0.001 vs EH group; ^cp < 0.001 vs NG, CR, CH and EH groups; ^ccp = 0.002 vs NG group, p = 0.011 vs CR group, p < 0.001 vs EH group; ^dp < 0.001 vs NG, CR, CH and EH groups; ^ep = 0.004 vs CR group, p = 0.022 vs CH group and p = 0.002 vs EH group; ^eep = 0.011 vs CR group; ^fp = 0.001 vs CR group, p = 0.006 vs CH group and p = 0.013 vs EH group; ^ffp = 0.010 vs CR group; ^gp < 0.001 vs NG, CR, CH and EH groups; ^hp < 0.001 vs control group, NG group and EH group; ^hhp < 0.001 vs control group, NG group and p = 0.005 vs EH group.

Table II. Comparisons of echocardiographic characteristics among the groups.

Variables	Control (n = 39)	Normal geometry (n = 27)	Concentric remodelling (n = 33)	Concentric hypertrophy (n = 87)	Eccentric hypertrophy (n = 34)	p
LVDd (mm)	46.9 ± 3.6	46.1 ± 4.3	46.5 ± 2.9	45.9 ± 3.3	46.5 ± 1.7	0.581
IVSt (mm)	9.3 ± 0.8^a	9.4 ± 1.2^a	10.7 ± 1.2^aa	13.4 ± 1.5^x	11.8 ± 0.8	< 0.001
PWt (mm)	8.6 ± 0.9^b	8.3 ± 0.9^b	10.8 ± 1.0^bb	12.0 ± 1.2^x	8.8 ± 0.5	< 0.001
RWT (mm)	0.37 ± 0.06	0.36 ± 0.07	0.51 ± 0.05^c	0.53 ± 0.06^c	0.38 ± 0.02	< 0.001
LVMI (g/m^2)	94.5 ± 13.4^d	95.7 ± 11.0^dd	105.0 ± 11.6^ddd	154.4 ± 24.3^x	126.7 ± 9.5	< 0.001
Ejection fraction (%)	66.2 ± 4.1	65.6 ± 3.4	64.5 ± 2.0	65.1 ± 4.3	66.4 ± 5.2	0.239
E/A ratio	1.30 ± 0.1^e	0.95 ± 0.3	0.96 ± 0.2	0.80 ± 0.3^ee	0.93 ± 0.3	< 0.001
EDT (ms)	198.6 ± 22.4^f	209.6 ± 20.1	202.4 ± 19.9^ff	219.2 ± 28.8	219.6 ± 16.1	< 0.001
MPI	0.38 ± 0.03^e	0.43 ± 0.04^g	0.43 ± 0.05^gg	0.51 ± 0.05^x	0.46 ± 0.05	< 0.001
IRT (ms)	71.5 ± 3.8^h	80.3 ± 5.0^hh	79.6 ± 12.1^ddd	94.3 ± 12.9	90.4 ± 12.4	< 0.001
ICT (ms)	39.9 ± 5.3	42.6 ± 10.6	41.4 ± 6.8	44.4 ± 5.8^i	42.3 ± 5.1	0.027
Ejection time (ms)	297.1 ± 12.4^ii	285.1 ± 12.6	283.7 ± 6.5	274.2 ± 24.9^j	288.3 ± 15.6	< 0.001
Aortic distensibility (cm^2/dyn × 10^− 6)	3.28 ± 0.86^e	2.10 ± 0.98^k	1.70 ± 0.64^kk	1.20 ± 0.41	1.67 ± 0.40^kk	< 0.001

LVDd, LV end diastolic dimension; IVSt, interventricular septum thickness; PWt, posterior wall thickness; RWT, relative wall thickness; LVMI, left ventricle mass index; EDT, E deceleration time; MPI, myocardial performance index; IRT, isovolumic relaxation time, ICT; isovolumic contraction time. ^ap < 0.001 vs CR, CH and EH groups; ^aap < 0.001 vs CH group, p = 0.001 vs EH group; ^bp < 0.001 vs CR and CH; ^bbp < 0.001 CH and EH; ^cp < 0.001 vs control, NG and EH groups; ^dp = 0.031 vs CR, p < 0.001 vs CH and EH; ^ddp = 0.047 vs CR, p < 0.001 vs CH and EH; ^dddp < 0.001 vs CH and EH; ^ep < 0.001 vs NG, CR, CH and EH groups; ^eep = 0.006 vs NG, p = 0.002 vs CR and p = 0.011 vs EH; ^fp < 0.001 vs CH group and p = 0.001 vs EH group; ^ffp = 0.001 vs CH group and p = 0.004 vs EH group; ^gp < 0.001 vs CH group and p = 0.021 vs EH group; ^ggp < 0.001 vs CH group and p = 0.005 vs EH group; ^hp = 0.006 vs NG group, p = 0.008 vs CR group, p < 0.001 vs CH and EH groups; ^hhp < 0.001 vs CH group, p = 0.001 vs EH group; ⁱp = 0.004 vs control group and p = 0.027 vs CR group; ⁱⁱp = 0.024 vs NG group, p = 0.009 vs CR group and p < 0.001 vs EH group; ^jp = 0.009 vs NG group, p = 0.014 vs CR group and p < 0.001 vs EH group; ^kp = 0.030 vs CR, p < 0.001 vs CH and p = 0.020 vs EH group; ^kkp < 0.001 vs CH group ^xp < 0.001 vs EH group.

Figure 2. Relationship between tissue Doppler-derived left ventricle myocardial performance index and left ventricle mass index.

Figure 3. Relationship between tissue Doppler-derived left ventricle myocardial performance index and aortic distensibility.

Table III. Correlation analysis of variables in patient group.

Variable	LVMI	RWT	TDMPI	AD	E/A ratio	EDT	SBP	DBP	EF
Age	r = − 0.08; p = 0.29	r = −0.07; p = 0.92	r = − 0.06; p = 0.92	r = −0.91; p = 0.22	r = 0.34; p < 0.001	r = − 0.21; p = 0.006	r = − 0.03; p = 0.68	r = − 0.18; p = 0.01	r = − 0.08; p = 0.309
LVMI		r = 0.460; p < 0.001	r = 0.497; p < 0.001	r = − 0.468; p < 0.001	r = − 0.334; p < 0.001	r = 0.14; p = 0.06	r = 0.24; p = 0.001	r = 0.32; p < 0.001	r = − 0.113; p = 0.131
RWT			r = 0.27; p < 0.001	r = −0.410; p < 0.001	r = −0.240; p = 0.001	r = −0.04; p = 0.63	r = 0.359; p < 0.001	r = 0.371; p < 0.001	r = −0.02; p = 0.82
TDMPI				r = −0.316; p < 0.001	r = −0.11; p = 0.14	r = 0.171; p = 0.02	r = 0.148; p = 0.047	r = 0.178; p = 0.017	r = −0.003; p = 0.968
AD					r = 0.438; p < 0.001	r = −0.79; p = 0.29	r = −0.450; p < 0.001	r = −0.356; p < 0.001	r = − 0.08; p = 0.25
E/A ratio						r = − 0.166; p < 0.026	r = −0.073; p = 0.332	r = −0.097; p = 0.192	r = 0.006; p = 0.93
EDT							r = 0.253; p = 0.001	r = 0.157; p = 0.035	r = − 0.292; p < 0.001
SBP								r = 0.813; p < 0.001	r = −0.139; p = 0.062
DBP									r = − 0.149; p = 0.045

LVMI , left ventricle mass index; TDMPI, tissue Doppler myocardial performance index. Other abbreviations as Tables I and II.