The association between ambulatory blood pressure profile and brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity in untreated hypertensive subjects

Figures & data

Table I. Clinical characteristics of study subjects according to dipping pattern.

	Dippers (n = 116)	Non-dippers (n = 80)	p-value
Age, years	52.8 ± 12.5	55.9 ± 11.9	0.080
Female sex, n (%)	54 (46.6)	49 (61.2)	0.043
Postmenopausal, n (% in women)	36 (66.7)	37 (75.5)	0.324
Height, cm	164 ± 9	161 ± 9	0.052
Previous history, n (%)
Diabetes	4 (4.1)	3 (2.9)	0.999
Chronic kidney disease	1 (1.2)	1 (0.8)	0.999
Coronary artery disease	2 (1.2)	0	0.514
Current smoking, n (%)	23 (18.9)	9 (13.1)	0.120
Laboratory findings
Hemoglobin, g/dl	14.3 ± 1.7	13.7 ± 1.5	0.027
Total cholesterol, mg/dl	195 ± 37	195 ± 36	0.983
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dl	126 ± 29	127 ± 32	0.752
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dl	48.7 ± 10.1	51.3 ± 13.4	0.168
Triglyceride, mg/dl	149 ± 128	127 ± 48	0.187
Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73m^2	87.9 ± 15.1	84.9 ± 15.1	0.209
C-reactive protein, mg/dl	0.12 ± 0.16	0.11 ± 0.12	0.878

LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.

Table II. Blood pressure measurements.

	Dippers (n = 116)	Non-dippers (n = 80)	p-value
At office
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	141 ± 14	142 ± 15	0.603
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	86 ± 9	86 ± 10	0.890
Heart rate, per minutes	69 ± 9	69 ± 10	0.833
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
Day mean systolic blood pressure, mmHg	146 ± 14	137 ± 14	< 0.001
Day mean diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	91 ± 11	85 ± 11	< 0.001
Night mean systolic blood pressure, mmHg	121 ± 13	131 ± 14	< 0.001
Night mean diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	73 ± 9	78 ± 10	0.001
Systolic dipping, %	16.8 ± 4.3	4.6 ± 4.2	< 0.001
Diastolic dipping, %	19.2 ± 5.6	7.0 ± 5.9	< 0.001

Figure 1. Brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV) according to dipping status and gender.

Figure 2. Linear correlations between brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV) and daytime and night-time systolic blood pressure according to menopausal status in women.

Table III. Univariate and multivariable analysis in the correlation of brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) with parameters of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM).

	Total (n = 196)				Men (n = 93)				Women (n = 103)
	Univariate		Multivariable		Univariate		Multivariable		Univariate		Multivariable
Parameter of ABPM	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p
Daytime SBP	0.138	0.055	–	–	0.071	0.504	–	–	0.258	0.009	0.346	< 0.001
Daytime DBP	− 0.107	0.137	–	–	− 0.021	0.839	–	–	− 0.091	0.362	–	–
Night-time SBP	0.229	0.001	0.259	< 0.001	0.141	0.179	–	–	0.312	0.001	0.244	0.006
Night-time DBP	− 0.002	0.977	–	–	0.056	0.596	–	–	0.010	0.918	–	–
Systolic dipping	− 0.122	0.090	–	–	− 0.074	0.482	–	–	− 0.127	0.204	–	–
Diastolic dipping	− 0.146	0.043	− 0.012	0.851	− 0.098	0.351	–	–	− 0.142	0.155	–	–

Age, height and heart rate were adjusted during each multivariable analysis. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.

Table IV. Univariate and multivariable analyses showing the correlations of brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) with office blood pressure (BP).

	Total (n = 196)				Men (n = 93)				Women (n = 103)
	Univariate		Multivariable		Univariate		Multivariable		Univariate		Multivariable
Office BP	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p
SBP	0.467	< 0.001	0.388	< 0.001	0.383	< 0.001	0.379	< 0.001	0.489	< 0.001	0.346	< 0.001
DBP	0.277	< 0.001	0.270	< 0.001	0.280	0.003	0.280	0.003	0.259	0.017	0.244	0.006

Age, height and heart rate were adjusted during each multivariable analysis. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.