Gender-specific prevalence and associated risk factors of high normal blood pressure and hypertension among multi-ethnic Chinese adolescents aged 8–18 years old

Figures & data

Table I. Prevalence of high normal blood pressure and hypertension (%).

Country or city	High normal BP	Hypertension
Iran	–	6.9
USA	31.4	2.1
Congo	20.7	–
Lithuania	22.5	12.6
Pakistan	15.0	3.0
India	2.9	2.8
Yemen	8.2	2.4
Poland	11.1	4.9
Turkey	14.1	5.4

Figure 1. Prevalence of hypertension in boys vs girls with increasing age.

Table II. Prevalence conditions of hypertension and high normal blood pressure (n(%)).

Characteristics	HT (n = 1244)	HNBP (n = 8953)	NT (n = 19800)	Z/χ^2	p
Gender				14.3254	< 0.0001
Male	672 (4.7)	4741 (33.4)	8780 (61.9)
Female	572 (3.6)	4212 (26.7)	11020 (69.7)
Age				606.5308	< 0.0001
8–	2 (0.7)	24 (8.4)	260 (90.9)
9–	11 (1.5)	101 (14.1)	605 (84.4)
10–	99 (4.0)	514 (20.7)	1869 (75.3)
11–	151 (4.3)	865 (24.6)	2506 (71.2)
12–	135 (3.7)	939 (25.9)	2547 (70.3)
13–	121 (3.2)	1051 (27.7)	2624 (69.1)
14–	152 (4.0)	1231 (32.4)	2421 (63.6)
15–	184 (4.6)	1441 (36.3)	2350 (59.1)
16–	217 (4.9)	1548 (34.8)	2688 (60.4)
17–17.99	172 (5.1)	1239 (37.1)	1930 (57.8)
Educational level				289.6475	< 0.0001
Primary school	377 (4.3)	2058 (23.4)	6372 (72.4)
Junior middle school	444 (3.7)	3673 (30.3)	8007 (66.0)
Senior middle school	423 (4.7)	3222 (35.5)	5421 (59.8)
Ethnicity				280.8612	< 0.0001
Han	876 (4.0)	6501 (29.7)	14481 (66.3)
Yi	137 (9.4)	594 (40.8)	725 (49.8)
Miao	13 (2.6)	150 (30.5)	328 (66.8)
Mongolia	57 (4.7)	363 (30.1)	784 (65.1)
Tibetan	13 (1.5)	173 (19.7)	705 (79.1)
Korean	33 (2.8)	303 (26.2)	822 (71.0)
Hui	84 (4.2)	598 (30.2)	1300 (65.6)
Tujia	7 (1.7)	123 (29.7)	284 (28.6)
Others	24 (4.4)	148 (27.3)	371 (68.3)
BMI				661.2844	< 0.0001
General obesity	155 (11.6)	626 (47.0)	552 (41.4)
Overweight	165 (6.0)	1109 (40.2)	1483 (53.8)
Normal	924 (3.6)	7218 (27.9)	17765 (68.6)
WC				22.5441	< 0.0001
≥ 90th	265 (8.7)	1306 (43.0)	1467 (48.3)
< 90th	979 (3.6)	7647 (28.4)	18333 (68.0)
Family history of cardiovascular diseases				− 4.9009	< 0.0001
No	1197 (4.1)	8788 (29.8)	19519 (66.2)
Yes	47 (9.5)	165 (33.5)	281 (57.0)
High-salt diets				− 0.3708	0.7108
No	1142 (4.1)	8288 (29.9)	18326 (66.0)
Yes	102 (4.6)	665 (29.7)	1474 (65.8)
Residence				7.2024	< 0.0001
Urban	422 (4.2)	2712 (26.9)	6954 (68.9)
Rural	822 (4.1)	6241 (31.3)	12846 (64.5)
Smoking				− 7.7378	< 0.0001
Smoker	75 (6.5)	435 (37.8)	641 (55.7)
Non-smoker	1169 (4.1)	8518 (29.5)	19159 (66.4)

*Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used, in which the statistic was Z or χ². HT, hypertension; HNBP, high normal blood pressure; NT, normotension.

Table III. Risk factors associated with high normal blood pressure or hypertension from multi-logistic regression model.

Characteristics	Boys		Girls
	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI
Age
8–	1.0 (Ref.)		1.0 (Ref.)
9–	1.735	0.901–3.343	1.826	0.957–3.483
10–	2.732	1.491–5.007	3.575	1.975–6.473
11–	3.641	1.997–6.638	4.366	2.420–7.878
12–	4.501	2.463–8.225	4.997	2.758–9.054
13–	5.648	3.066–10.405	6.302	3.445–11.529
14–	9.227	4.998–17.035	6.803	3.709–12.480
15–	10.965	5.924–20.299	8.211	4.465–15.102
16–	12.335	6.626–22.964	7.415	4.012–13.706
17–17.99	13.063	6.989–24.415	8.700	4.685–16.158
Educational level
Primary school	1.0 (Ref.)		1.0 (Ref.)
Junior middle school	0.733	0.638–0.843	0.681	0.588–0.790
Senior middle school	0.873	0.727–1.049	0.543	0.449–0.656
Ethnicity
Han	1.0 (Ref.)		1.0 (Ref.)
Yi	1.960	1.665–2.307	1.618	1.387–1.887
Miao	0.837	0.629–1.115	1.073	0.821–1.402
Mongolia	1.283	1.070–1.539	0.967	0.807–1.160
Tibetan	0.440	0.342–0.565	0.492	0.391–0.621
Korean	0.862	0.697–1.066	0.794	0.659–0.958
Hui	0.966	0.833–1.122	1.037	0.904–1.190
Tujia	0.807	0.595–1.094	0.887	0.654–1.202
Others	0.778	0.591–1.025	0.941	0.724–1.223
BMI
General obesity	3.377	2.771–4.115	2.865	2.334–3.517
Overweight	2.009	1.762–2.291	1.738	1.530–1.975
Normal	1.0 (Ref.)		1.0 (Ref.)
WC
≥ 90th	1.242	1.063–1.452	1.212	1.061–1.384
< 90th	1.0 (Ref.)		1.0 (Ref.)
Family history of cardiovascular diseases
No	1.0 (Ref.)		1.0 (Ref.)
Yes	1.336	1.008–1.772	1.215	0.942–1.567
Residence
Urban	1.0 (Ref.)		1.0 (Ref.)
Suburban or rural	1.154	1.065–1.250	1.210	1.119–1.309
Smoking
Smoker	0.899	0.785–1.029	0.690	0.384–1.239
Non-smoker	1.0 (Ref.)		1.0 (Ref.)

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.