BMI, spKt/V, and SBP but Not DBP Are Related to LVH in Chinese Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients

Figures & data

Table 1. The underlying kidney diseases of 164 MHD patients

Underlying kidney disease	n	Percentage
Glomerular disease	76	46.3
Diabetic nephropathy	13	7.9
Hypertensive nephropathy	13	7.9
Polycystic kidney disease	14	8.5
Aristolochic acid nephropathy	6	3.7
Lupus nephritis	4	2.4
Chronic pyelonephritis	3	1.8
Gouty nephropathy	3	1.8
Multiple myeloma nephropathy	2	1.2
Penicillamine-induced nephropathy	1	0.6
Obstructive nephropathy	1	0.6
Solid renal tumor	1	0.6
Unknown	27	16.5

Table 2. The demographic, anthropometric, clinical characteristics, and biochemical parameters of 164 MHD patients

	All patients	LVH		p-Value
		Yes	No
Age, years	57.0 ± 13.8	56.9 ± 13.7	57.2 ± 14.0	0.87
Gender (male/female)	84/80	57/52	27/28	0.698
BMI, kg/m^2	22.0 ± 3.1	22.4 ± 3.4	21.2 ± 2.2	0.047
Initial urine output, mL/kg/24 h	21.1 ± 11.4	20.5 ± 11.0	22.3 ± 12.0	0.359
Current urine output, mL/kg/24 h	0 (0–5.05)	1.2 (0.5–2.3)	1.0 (0.4–2.2)	0.729
Urine reduction rate, mL/kg/month	1.21 (0.56–2.49)	1.23 (0.58–2.47)	1.21 (0.46–2.52)	0.591
Cigarette smoking (yes/no)	52/112	37/72	15/40	0.386
Dialysis duration, month	48 (24–78)	42 (18–77)	52 (30–82)	0.17
SBP, mmHg	136.6 ± 16.8	140.2 ± 14.6	129.5 ± 18.5	<0.0001
DBP, mmHg	90.0 ± 9.8	83.5 ± 9.7	80.0 ± 9.2	0.004
Albumin, g/L	39.3 ± 3.7	39.3 ± 3.5	39.3 ± 4.0	0.911
Pre-Albumin, g/L	0.34 ± 0.08	0.33 ± 0.08	0.34 ± 0.08	0.467
Hemoglobin, g/L	104.1 ± 15.0	104.4 ± 14.6	103.5 ± 16.0	0.734
BUN, mmol/L	23.6 ± 5.1	23.7 ± 4.6	23.5 ± 6.1	0.863
Creatinine, µmol/L	1018.5 ± 246.8	1014.4 ± 237.9	1026.4 ± 265.4	0.772
Uric acid (UA), µmol/L	434.5 ± 89.0	441.1 ± 77.6	421.7 ± 102.3	0.179
Calcium, mmol/L	2.24 ± 0.20	2.25 ± 0.20	2.23 ± 0.21	0.575
Phosphorus, mmol/L	2.22 ± 0.66	2.27 ± 0.64	2.13 ± 0.69	0.208
Serum iron, µmol/L	11.6 ± 5.9	11.3 ± 6.0	12.2 ± 5.6	0.375
Serum ferritin, ng/mL	139.8 (81.5–284.2)	146.1 (86.0–306.9)	113.3 (69.9–234.5)	0.196
Transferrin, g/L	1.9 ± 0.5	1.9 ± 0.5	1.9 ± 0.4	0.926
iPTH, pg/mL	275.2 (117.8–563.9)	286.0 (143.6–629.9)	215.3 (91.7–545.9)	0.089
hsCRP, mg/L	1.7 (0.7–6.0)	2.2 (0.7–6.2)	1.1 (0.6–3.7)	0.112
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.5 (1.1–2.1)	1.5 (1.1–2.3)	1.5 (1.2–2.0)	0.868
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.6 ± 1.2	4.6 ± 1.1	4.6 ± 1.2	0.915
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), mmol/L	1.2 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.4	0.925
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), mmol/L	2.6 ± 0.9	2.5 ± 0.9	2.6 ± 1.0	0.401
Apoprotein A (Apo-A), g/L	1.3 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.3	0.791
Apoprotein B (Apo-B), g/L	0.87 ± 0.21	0.87 ± 0.21	0.86 ± 0.23	0.804
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp (a)), mg/L	167 (114–289)	173 (109–289)	157 (121–301)	0.527
Homocysteine, µmol/L	34.4 (27.7–44.1)	35.4 (27.8–46.0)	32.9 (27.1–40.8)	0.488
β2-Microglobulin, mg/L	35.6 ± 10.9	35.5 ± 11.6	35.8 ± 9.4	0.878
LVMI, g/m^2.7	62.4 ± 19.5	68.0 ± 15.6	38.7 ± 7.3	<0.0001
Ejection fraction (EF), %	66.8 ± 6.9	66.3 ± 7.5	67.7 ± 5.5	0.229
spKt/V	1.4 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3	1.5 ± 0.3	<0.0001
URR	0.7 (0.6–0.7)	0.66 (0.61–0.73)	0.71 (0.66–0.77)	<0.001

Notes: Data are reported as mean ± SD or median and interquartile range. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; URR, urea reduction rate ; UA, uric acid; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo-A, apoprotein A; Apo-B, apoprotein B; Lp(a), lipoprotein (a); EF, ejection fraction.

Figure 1. Impact of cigarette smoking on LVMI.

Figure 2. Relationship between underlying kidney diseases and LVMI.

Table 3. Multivariate linear regression model with LVMI as the dependent variable in 164 MHD patients

Independent variables	β	p-Value
BMI	7.608	0.014
SBP	9.462	0.001
spKt/V	−14.226	0.024
Serum iron^a		0.907
iPTH^a		0.603
DBP		0.936
Dialysis duration^a		0.883
Cigarette smoking		0.958
Underlying kidney disease		0.462

Notes: For the whole model, F = 13.187, p < 0.0001, R² = 0.739, and the residual followed Gauss distribution (p = 0.262). BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.

^aData log₁₀ transformed.

Table 4. Multivariate logistic regression model with LVH as the dependent variable in 164 MHD patients

Variables	β	p-Value
BMI	7.193	0.032
SBP	9.382	0.02
spKt/V	−12.535	0.001
DBP		0.363
iPTH^a		0.614

Notes: For the whole model, Cox and Snell R² = 0.721. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.^aData log₁₀ transformed.