Garlic Extract Ameliorates Renal and Cardiopulmonary Injury in the Rats with Chronic Renal Failure

Figures & data

Table 1. Serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in the sham-operated control and saline- or aqueous garlic extract (AGE)-treated chronic renal failure (CRF) groups. For each group n = 8.

		CRF groups
	Control group	Saline-treated	AGE-treated
BUN (U/L)	34.5 ± 1.5	90.3 ± 3.1^***	53.3 ± 4.1 ^**, ^+++
Creatinine (U/L)	0.3 ± 0.04	1.02 ± 0.1^***	0.6 ± 0.08^++
LDH (U/L)	2674 ± 114	6010 ± 422^***	4428 ± 237^**, ^++
TNF-α (U/L)	5.9 ± 0.5	14.8 ± 1.9^**	8.8 ± 1.0^+
IL-1β (U/L)	19.1 ± 1.5	37.2 ± 3.8^**	21.6 ± 6.8^++

Notes: BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CRF, chronic renal failure; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1β, interleukin-1β.

^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001; compared to sham-operated control group.

⁺p < 0.05, ⁺⁺p < 0.01, ⁺⁺⁺p < 0.001; compared to saline-treated CRF group.

Figure 1. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the (A) kidney, (B) heart, and (C) lung tissues of sham-operated control, and saline- or aqueous garlic extract (AGE)-treated chronic renal failure (CRF) groups.

Notes: *p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01; compared to control group.

⁺p < 0.05, ⁺⁺p < 0.01, ⁺⁺⁺p < 0.01; compared to saline-treated CRF groups.

Figure 2. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the (A) kidney, (B) heart, and (C) lung tissues of sham-operated control, and saline- or aqueous garlic extract (AGE)-treated chronic renal failure (CRF) groups.

Notes: *p < 0.01, ^**p < 0.01; compared to control group.

⁺p < 0.05, compared to saline-treated CRF group.

Figure 3. Glutathione (GSH) levels in (A) kidney, (B) heart, and (C) lung tissues of sham-operated control, and saline- or aqueous garlic extract (AGE)-treated chronic renal failure (CRF) groups.

Notes: *p < 0.01, ^**p < 0.01; compared to control group.

⁺p < 0.05, compared to saline-treated CRF group.

Figure 4. Regular morphology of kidney (A), heart (D), and lung (G) tissues was observed in control group. Degenerated Bowman’s space and glomerular structure (*), and degenerated tubular epithelium and cell debris in tubular lumen (arrow) in kidney (B); severe vascular congestion (arrow), hemorrhage in some region (*), and degeneration in cardiac fibers (arrow head) in heart (E); alveolar disturbance (arrow), severe inflammatory cell infiltration (*), and vascular edema in lung (H) were observed in the saline-treated chronic renal failure (CRF) group. Quite regular Bowman’s space and glomerular structure (*), moderate degeneration in tubular epithelium (arrow), in kidney (C), mild degeneration in cardiac muscle fibers (arrow head) and mild vascular congestion (arrow) in heart (F), quite regular alveolar wall (arrow), and mild inflammatory cell infiltration (*) in lung tissues were observed in garlic-treated CRF group. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, original magnifications: 200×; insets: 400×.