A Transient Improvement in Renal Function Occurs after Ischemic Stroke

Figures & data

Table 1. Medical history of subjects admitted with ischemic stroke (n = 220).

	n (%)
Hypertension	171 (78)
Current smoking	46 (21)
Diabetes	69 (31)
Previous cerebral ischemia	43 (20)
Coronary heart disease	61 (28)
Hyperlipidemia	68 (31)
Atrial fibrillation	58 (26)
Peripheral vascular disease	34 (15)

Table 2. Data of subjects with ischemic stroke and normal (≤1.2 mg/dL) or elevated (>1.2 mg/dL) serum creatinine at admission.

	Creatinine ≤1.2 mg/dL (n = 158)	Creatinine >1.2 mg/dL (n = 62)	p-Value
Age	72 ± 12	75 ± 10	0.203
Sex (male/female)	51/107	34/28	0.002
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	169 ± 32	167 ± 30	0.764
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	91 ± 16	88 ± 18	0.247
Diabetes	44 (28%)	25 (40%)	0.073
Heart failure	53 (34%)	36 (58%)	<0.001
Glucose (mg/dL)	158 ± 68	161 ± 71	0.5
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.9 ± 0.2	1.9 ± 1.1	<0.01
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	212 ± 43	222 ± 50	0.6
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	67 ± 14	73 ± 44	1.0
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	189 ± 102	129 ± 16	0.3
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	134 ± 82	204 ± 113	0.02
Uric acid (mg/dL)	5.7 ± 1.8	7.3 ± 1.6	<0.01
Stroke severity scale	31 ± 16	36 ± 18	0.021

Notes: Values are given as means ± SD. Differences between groups are indicated. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

*p < 0.05, Mann–Whitney U-test for continuous or chi-square test for categorical variables.

Figure 1. Serum creatinine in patients with ischemic stroke and elevated (>1.2 mg/dL, squares, n = 62) or normal creatinine (≤1.2 mg/dL, circles, n = 158) after admission. Data are presented as means ± SEM. Note: *Denotes p < 0.001 versus baseline, ANOVA and Fisher LSD.

Figure 2. Maximum changes in serum creatinine (Δ-creatinine) after admission for ischemic stroke in patients with elevated (>1.2 mg/dL, gray bars) or normal creatinine (≤1.2 mg/dL, black bars). Obtained from male and female subjects, patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM), and patients with and without heart failure (HF). Data are presented as means ± SEM.

Table 3. Comparison of subgroups to assess the effect of diabetes and heart failure (HF) on the creatinine course stratified according to elevated or normal creatinine (ANOVA and Fisher LSD post hoc test).

Groups	p-Value
Elevated creatinine + diabetes versus elevated creatinine + no diabetes	0.82
Normal creatinine + diabetes versus normal creatinine + no diabetes	0.79
Elevated creatinine + HF versus elevated creatinine + no HF	0.47
Normal creatinine + HF versus normal creatinine + no HF	0.98

Figure 3. Serum creatinine of patients (A) with or without diabetes and (B) with or without heart failure. Data are presented as means ± SEM. Note: *Denotes p < 0.05 versus baseline, ANOVA and Fisher LSD.

Figure 4. Creatinine course in (A) men and (B) women with ischemic stroke and elevated (>1.2 mg/dL, squares) or normal creatinine (≤1.2 mg/dL, circles). Data are presented as means ± SEM. Note: *Denotes p < 0.01 versus baseline, ANOVA and Fisher LSD.

Figure 5. Relationship between individual maximum serum creatinine change and stroke severity scale in 220 patients with ischemic stroke (p = 0.487; r = 0.048, Spearman correlation).