Figures & data
Table 1. Possible pathways of aldosterone-induced renal vascular remodeling.
Table 2. Comparison between SPL and EPL.
Table 3. Effects of MR antagonist for renal protection.
Ullian ME, Schelling JR, Linas SL. Aldosterone enhances angiotensin II receptor binding and inositol phosphate responses. Hypertension. 1992;20:67–73. Shibata S, Nagase M, Yoshida S, Kawachi H, Fujita T. Podocyte as the target for aldosterone: Roles of oxidative stress and Sgk1. Hypertension. 2007;49:355–364. Eddy AA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002;283:F209–F220. Wolf G. Renal injury due to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation of the transforming growth factor-beta pathway. Kidney Int. 2006;70:1914–1919. Shah SV. Role of reactive oxygen metabolites in experimental glomerular disease. Kidney Int. 1989;35:1093–1106. Ruiz-Ortega M, Rupérez M, Esteban V, . Angiotensin II: A key factor in the inflammatory and fibrotic response in kidney diseases. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:16–20. Lai L, Pen A, Hu Y, . Aldosterone upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in mouse cortical collecting duct epithelial cells through classic mineralocorticoid receptor. Life Sci. 2007;81:570–576. Rossing K, Schjoedt KJ, Smidt UM, Boomsma F, Parving HH. Beneficial effects of adding spironolactone to recommended antihypertensive treatment in diabetic nephropathy: A randomized, double-masked, cross-over study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2106–2112. van den Meiracker AH, Baggen RG, Pauli S, . Spironolactone in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Effects on proteinuria, blood pressure and renal function. J Hypertens. 2006;24:2285–2292. Schjoedt KJ, Rossing K, Juhl TR, . Beneficial impact of spironolactone in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2005;68:2829–2836. Schjoedt KJ, Rossing K, Juhl TR, . Beneficial impact of spironolactone on nephrotic range albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2006;70:536–542. Chrysostomou A, Becker G. Spironolactone in addition to ACE inhibition to reduce proteinuria in patients with chronic renal disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:925–926. Furumatsu Y, Nagasawa Y, Tomida K, . Effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system triple blockade on non-diabetic renal disease: Addition of an aldosterone blocker, spironolactone, to combination treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker. Hypertens Res. 2008;31:59–67. Tylicki L, Rutkowski P, Renke M, . Triple pharmacological blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in nondiabetic CKD: An open-label crossover randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:486–493. Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Campese VM. Long-term effects of spironolactone on proteinuria and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2006;70:2116–2123. Epstein M, Williams GH, Weinberger M, . Selective aldosterone blockade with eplerenone reduces albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:940–951. Boesby L, Elung-Jensen T, Klausen TW, Strandgaard S, Kamper AL. Moderate antiproteinuric effect of add-on aldosterone blockade with eplerenone in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. A randomized cross-over study. PLoS One. 2011;6:e26904.